Investigating ionising sources and the complex interstellar medium of GHZ2 at $z=12.3$
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2025
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| author | Castellano, M. Napolitano, L. Moreschini, B. Calabrò, A. Christensen, L. Llerena, M. Bakx, T. J. L. C. Belfiore, F. Bevacqua, D. Dickinson, M. Fontana, A. Gandolfi, G. Gasparetto, T. Marconi, A. Mascia, S. Merlin, E. Morishita, T. Nanayakkara, T. Paris, D. Pentericci, L. Pérez-Díaz, B. Roberts-Borsani, G. Ruiz, S. Rojas Santini, P. Treu, T. Vanzella, E. Vulcani, B. Wang, X. Yoon, I. Zavala, J. |
| author_facet | Castellano, M. Napolitano, L. Moreschini, B. Calabrò, A. Christensen, L. Llerena, M. Bakx, T. J. L. C. Belfiore, F. Bevacqua, D. Dickinson, M. Fontana, A. Gandolfi, G. Gasparetto, T. Marconi, A. Mascia, S. Merlin, E. Morishita, T. Nanayakkara, T. Paris, D. Pentericci, L. Pérez-Díaz, B. Roberts-Borsani, G. Ruiz, S. Rojas Santini, P. Treu, T. Vanzella, E. Vulcani, B. Wang, X. Yoon, I. Zavala, J. |
| contents | An accurate characterisation of the physical properties of galaxies at cosmic dawn is key to understanding the origin of the high abundance of UV-bright galaxies at z$\gtrsim$10. We exploit deep NIRSpec PRISM observations of GHZ2 to constrain the sources of ionising radiation and the properties of the ISM in this bright, compact, and highly ionising galaxy at z=12.3. We measure with high significance the prominent N IV, C IV, He II, O III, C III, O II, and Ne III emission features previously detected in shallower observations, and confirm the detection of the N III] $λ1750$ multiplet, yielding tight constraints on the N/O ratio, which is found to be $\simeq$2 times the solar value. We also detect the Mg II $λ2800$, [Fe IV] $λ2833$ and Si II $λ1812$ doublets, the H8+HeI $λλ3889$ blend, and the Si IV+O IV] $λλ1400$ absorption complex. The O III $λ3133$ fluorescence line is only detected in the first observing epoch, implying variability on a rest-frame time span of 19 days, strongly suggesting the presence of an active nucleus. Combining the NIRSpec dataset with available optical and far-infrared constraints from MIRI and ALMA, we show that the emission spectrum of GHZ2 cannot be reproduced by single-density spectro-photometric models. Multi-zone photoionisation modelling performed with the HOMERUN code demonstrates that star formation must be occurring in a strongly stratified ISM, where both low-/intermediate-density gas and high-density regions (log($n_e$/cm$^{-3}) \gtrsim 4$) coexist. The GHZ2 emission landscape is consistent with either a composite star-formation plus AGN scenario, or with star formation occurring in a combination of radiation- and matter-bounded regions. Purely radiation-bounded stellar models fail to reproduce the observed He II emission, making an additional hard ionising component unavoidable. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_08490 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Investigating ionising sources and the complex interstellar medium of GHZ2 at $z=12.3$ Castellano, M. Napolitano, L. Moreschini, B. Calabrò, A. Christensen, L. Llerena, M. Bakx, T. J. L. C. Belfiore, F. Bevacqua, D. Dickinson, M. Fontana, A. Gandolfi, G. Gasparetto, T. Marconi, A. Mascia, S. Merlin, E. Morishita, T. Nanayakkara, T. Paris, D. Pentericci, L. Pérez-Díaz, B. Roberts-Borsani, G. Ruiz, S. Rojas Santini, P. Treu, T. Vanzella, E. Vulcani, B. Wang, X. Yoon, I. Zavala, J. Astrophysics of Galaxies An accurate characterisation of the physical properties of galaxies at cosmic dawn is key to understanding the origin of the high abundance of UV-bright galaxies at z$\gtrsim$10. We exploit deep NIRSpec PRISM observations of GHZ2 to constrain the sources of ionising radiation and the properties of the ISM in this bright, compact, and highly ionising galaxy at z=12.3. We measure with high significance the prominent N IV, C IV, He II, O III, C III, O II, and Ne III emission features previously detected in shallower observations, and confirm the detection of the N III] $λ1750$ multiplet, yielding tight constraints on the N/O ratio, which is found to be $\simeq$2 times the solar value. We also detect the Mg II $λ2800$, [Fe IV] $λ2833$ and Si II $λ1812$ doublets, the H8+HeI $λλ3889$ blend, and the Si IV+O IV] $λλ1400$ absorption complex. The O III $λ3133$ fluorescence line is only detected in the first observing epoch, implying variability on a rest-frame time span of 19 days, strongly suggesting the presence of an active nucleus. Combining the NIRSpec dataset with available optical and far-infrared constraints from MIRI and ALMA, we show that the emission spectrum of GHZ2 cannot be reproduced by single-density spectro-photometric models. Multi-zone photoionisation modelling performed with the HOMERUN code demonstrates that star formation must be occurring in a strongly stratified ISM, where both low-/intermediate-density gas and high-density regions (log($n_e$/cm$^{-3}) \gtrsim 4$) coexist. The GHZ2 emission landscape is consistent with either a composite star-formation plus AGN scenario, or with star formation occurring in a combination of radiation- and matter-bounded regions. Purely radiation-bounded stellar models fail to reproduce the observed He II emission, making an additional hard ionising component unavoidable. |
| title | Investigating ionising sources and the complex interstellar medium of GHZ2 at $z=12.3$ |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08490 |