Self-lensing of moving gravitational-wave sources can break the microlensing crossing timescale degeneracy
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Ubach, Helena |
| author_facet | Ubach, Helena |
| contents | When a moving gravitational-wave (GW) source travels behind a massive astrophysical object, its signal is gravitationally lensed, showing a waveform distortion similar to a Paczyński curve. We present a first study on the lensing signature of a massive black hole (MBH) on a frequency-dependent GW signal from a moving compact binary merger (CBC) source, focused on ground-based GW detectors. For both light and GW sources in a Keplerian circular orbit around a MBH lens, the self-lensing geometry breaks the microlensing degeneracy in the Einstein radius crossing timescale $t_{\rm E}$. The duration of the curve ($2 t_{\rm E}$) becomes independent on the MBH mass $M_{\rm MBH}$, and provides a direct value of the orbital distance $d_{\rm LS}$ of the source around the MBH. However, $M_{\rm MBH}$ remains unknown. In GW signals, the redshifted mass $M_{{\rm MBH},z}$ can additionally be analytically inferred from the interference pattern, once the modulation period $T$, the GW frequency $f$, and $t_{\rm E}$ are known: $M_{{\rm MBH},z}\simeq 2.5\times 10^6\,M_\odot\,(t_{\rm E}/[100\,{\rm s}])\,(f\,T)^{-1}$. If this lensing signature is not considered, it may be confused with other waveform distortions, especially in the modeling of overlapping CBC signals in next generation ground-based GW detectors. The observation of one of these curves and its associated parameters may help (1) constrain the orbital distance $d_{\rm LS}$ of sources, especially around low-mass MBHs at the center of star clusters and galaxies, (2) additionally estimate the mass $M_{{\rm MBH},z}$ of these MBHs, and (3) infer the orbital inclination of the binary. Simultaneously obtaining $d_{\rm LS}$ and $M_{{\rm MBH},z}$ through self-lensing can help constrain the astrophysical environments where GW signals come from. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_08898 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Self-lensing of moving gravitational-wave sources can break the microlensing crossing timescale degeneracy Ubach, Helena High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies When a moving gravitational-wave (GW) source travels behind a massive astrophysical object, its signal is gravitationally lensed, showing a waveform distortion similar to a Paczyński curve. We present a first study on the lensing signature of a massive black hole (MBH) on a frequency-dependent GW signal from a moving compact binary merger (CBC) source, focused on ground-based GW detectors. For both light and GW sources in a Keplerian circular orbit around a MBH lens, the self-lensing geometry breaks the microlensing degeneracy in the Einstein radius crossing timescale $t_{\rm E}$. The duration of the curve ($2 t_{\rm E}$) becomes independent on the MBH mass $M_{\rm MBH}$, and provides a direct value of the orbital distance $d_{\rm LS}$ of the source around the MBH. However, $M_{\rm MBH}$ remains unknown. In GW signals, the redshifted mass $M_{{\rm MBH},z}$ can additionally be analytically inferred from the interference pattern, once the modulation period $T$, the GW frequency $f$, and $t_{\rm E}$ are known: $M_{{\rm MBH},z}\simeq 2.5\times 10^6\,M_\odot\,(t_{\rm E}/[100\,{\rm s}])\,(f\,T)^{-1}$. If this lensing signature is not considered, it may be confused with other waveform distortions, especially in the modeling of overlapping CBC signals in next generation ground-based GW detectors. The observation of one of these curves and its associated parameters may help (1) constrain the orbital distance $d_{\rm LS}$ of sources, especially around low-mass MBHs at the center of star clusters and galaxies, (2) additionally estimate the mass $M_{{\rm MBH},z}$ of these MBHs, and (3) infer the orbital inclination of the binary. Simultaneously obtaining $d_{\rm LS}$ and $M_{{\rm MBH},z}$ through self-lensing can help constrain the astrophysical environments where GW signals come from. |
| title | Self-lensing of moving gravitational-wave sources can break the microlensing crossing timescale degeneracy |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08898 |