Second-Order $Λ$-Sets and Extensions to Non-Smooth, Hybrid, and Stochastic Optimal Control

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Author: Rashid, Mohammad H. M
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Rashid, Mohammad H. M
author_facet Rashid, Mohammad H. M
contents This paper develops a comprehensive extension of the $Λ$-set framework for optimal control, introducing second-order $Λ$-sets and generalizing the theory to non-smooth, hybrid, and stochastic hybrid systems. We first establish second-order necessary conditions that incorporate curvature information of the reachable set, providing refined optimality criteria that bridge classical second-variation methods with the geometric $Λ$-set approach. The framework is then extended to Filippov systems with discontinuous dynamics and to hybrid dynamical systems with state-dependent switching, yielding new necessary conditions for optimality in these settings. Furthermore, we introduce stochastic $Λ$-sets for systems subject to both continuous diffusion and discrete random switching, connecting the framework to Peng's stochastic maximum principle. Throughout the paper, detailed examples -- including nonholonomic systems, mechanical systems with friction, and stochastic temperature control -- illustrate the theoretical developments and demonstrate the practical applicability of the extended $Λ$-set theory. The results unify and generalize existing maximum principles, offering a powerful geometric tool for analyzing optimal control problems across a broad spectrum of system classes, from classical smooth systems to modern stochastic hybrid systems.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_09126
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Second-Order $Λ$-Sets and Extensions to Non-Smooth, Hybrid, and Stochastic Optimal Control
Rashid, Mohammad H. M
Optimization and Control
49K15, 49K45, 93C30, 93C65, 93E20
This paper develops a comprehensive extension of the $Λ$-set framework for optimal control, introducing second-order $Λ$-sets and generalizing the theory to non-smooth, hybrid, and stochastic hybrid systems. We first establish second-order necessary conditions that incorporate curvature information of the reachable set, providing refined optimality criteria that bridge classical second-variation methods with the geometric $Λ$-set approach. The framework is then extended to Filippov systems with discontinuous dynamics and to hybrid dynamical systems with state-dependent switching, yielding new necessary conditions for optimality in these settings. Furthermore, we introduce stochastic $Λ$-sets for systems subject to both continuous diffusion and discrete random switching, connecting the framework to Peng's stochastic maximum principle. Throughout the paper, detailed examples -- including nonholonomic systems, mechanical systems with friction, and stochastic temperature control -- illustrate the theoretical developments and demonstrate the practical applicability of the extended $Λ$-set theory. The results unify and generalize existing maximum principles, offering a powerful geometric tool for analyzing optimal control problems across a broad spectrum of system classes, from classical smooth systems to modern stochastic hybrid systems.
title Second-Order $Λ$-Sets and Extensions to Non-Smooth, Hybrid, and Stochastic Optimal Control
topic Optimization and Control
49K15, 49K45, 93C30, 93C65, 93E20
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.09126