Isotope Production in Fusion Systems

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Main Authors: Parisi, J. F., Schwartz, J. A., Wurzel, S. E., Rutkowski, A., Harter, J.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Parisi, J. F.
Schwartz, J. A.
Wurzel, S. E.
Rutkowski, A.
Harter, J.
author_facet Parisi, J. F.
Schwartz, J. A.
Wurzel, S. E.
Rutkowski, A.
Harter, J.
contents Fusion systems producing isotopes via neutron-driven transmutation can achieve economic viability well before reaching energy breakeven. Incorporating carefully selected feedstock materials in a blanket allows fusion systems to generate both electrical power and high-value isotopes, expanding the space of viable concepts, significantly enhancing the economic value of fusion energy, and supporting an accelerated path to adoption. We calculate the value of this co-generation and derive a new economic breakeven condition based on net present value. At lower plasma gain, $Q_{\mathrm{plas}}\lesssim 1$, high-value transmutation, such as medical radioisotopes, enables pure transmuter fusion systems operating at only watts to megawatts of fusion power: for example, a 3 megawatt system transmuting ${}^{102}\mathrm{Ru}\rightarrow{}^{99}\mathrm{Mo}$ could fulfill global ${}^{99}\mathrm{Mo}$ demand with $Q_{\mathrm{plas}} \ll 1$. At higher gain $Q_{\mathrm{plas}}\gtrsim 3$, it becomes viable to generate electricity in addition to isotopes. For example, co-production of electricity and gold, transmuted from mercury in a fusion blanket, can reduce the required plasma gain for economic viability from $Q_{\mathrm{plas}}\sim 10$-$100$ to $Q_{\mathrm{plas}}\sim 3$-$5$. We further highlight techniques to enhance transmutation with asymmetric neutron wall loading. Fusion neutron-driven transmutation therefore offers a revenue-positive pathway for deploying fusion energy at terawatt-scale, starting from smaller watt-to-megawatt-scale machines for radioisotope production and then scaling up to co-producing electricity and gold in larger fusion power plants.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_09242
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Isotope Production in Fusion Systems
Parisi, J. F.
Schwartz, J. A.
Wurzel, S. E.
Rutkowski, A.
Harter, J.
Plasma Physics
Nuclear Experiment
Fusion systems producing isotopes via neutron-driven transmutation can achieve economic viability well before reaching energy breakeven. Incorporating carefully selected feedstock materials in a blanket allows fusion systems to generate both electrical power and high-value isotopes, expanding the space of viable concepts, significantly enhancing the economic value of fusion energy, and supporting an accelerated path to adoption. We calculate the value of this co-generation and derive a new economic breakeven condition based on net present value. At lower plasma gain, $Q_{\mathrm{plas}}\lesssim 1$, high-value transmutation, such as medical radioisotopes, enables pure transmuter fusion systems operating at only watts to megawatts of fusion power: for example, a 3 megawatt system transmuting ${}^{102}\mathrm{Ru}\rightarrow{}^{99}\mathrm{Mo}$ could fulfill global ${}^{99}\mathrm{Mo}$ demand with $Q_{\mathrm{plas}} \ll 1$. At higher gain $Q_{\mathrm{plas}}\gtrsim 3$, it becomes viable to generate electricity in addition to isotopes. For example, co-production of electricity and gold, transmuted from mercury in a fusion blanket, can reduce the required plasma gain for economic viability from $Q_{\mathrm{plas}}\sim 10$-$100$ to $Q_{\mathrm{plas}}\sim 3$-$5$. We further highlight techniques to enhance transmutation with asymmetric neutron wall loading. Fusion neutron-driven transmutation therefore offers a revenue-positive pathway for deploying fusion energy at terawatt-scale, starting from smaller watt-to-megawatt-scale machines for radioisotope production and then scaling up to co-producing electricity and gold in larger fusion power plants.
title Isotope Production in Fusion Systems
topic Plasma Physics
Nuclear Experiment
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.09242