Auto-3DPFM: Automating Polarization-Vector Mapping at the Nanoscale
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arXiv
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| Auteurs principaux: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Publié: |
2025
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| _version_ | 1866911310899314688 |
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| author | Bulanadi, Ralph Checa, Marti Wang, Michelle Rothen, Franck Lasseter, John Harris, Sumner B. Sando, Daniel Nagarajan, Valanoor Collins, Liam Jesse, Stephen Vasudevan, Rama Liu, Yongtao |
| author_facet | Bulanadi, Ralph Checa, Marti Wang, Michelle Rothen, Franck Lasseter, John Harris, Sumner B. Sando, Daniel Nagarajan, Valanoor Collins, Liam Jesse, Stephen Vasudevan, Rama Liu, Yongtao |
| contents | The functional properties of ferroelectric materials are strongly influenced by ferroelectric polarization orientation; as such, access to consistent and precise characterization of polarization vectors is of substantial importance to ferroelectrics research. Here, we develop a fully automated three-dimensional piezoresponse force microscopy (Auto-3DPFM) technique automating all essential steps in interferometric PFM for 3D polarization vector characterization, including laser alignment, tip calibration and approach, image acquisition, polarization vector reconstruction, and visualization. The automation reduces the experimental burden of ferroelectric polarization vector characterization, while the back-and-forth calibration ensures consistency and reproducibility of 3D polarization reconstruction. An algorithmic workflow is also developed to identify domain walls and calculate their characteristic angles via a spatial vector-angle-difference method, presenting one unique capability enabled by Auto-3DPFM that is not accessible with traditional PFM techniques. Beyond representing a significant step forward in 3D polarization mapping, Auto-3DPFM promises to accelerate discovery via high-throughput and autonomous characterization in ferroelectric materials research. When integrated with machine learning and adaptive sampling strategies in self-driving labs, Auto-3DPFM will serve as a valuable tool for advancing ferroelectric physics and microelectronics development. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_09249 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Auto-3DPFM: Automating Polarization-Vector Mapping at the Nanoscale Bulanadi, Ralph Checa, Marti Wang, Michelle Rothen, Franck Lasseter, John Harris, Sumner B. Sando, Daniel Nagarajan, Valanoor Collins, Liam Jesse, Stephen Vasudevan, Rama Liu, Yongtao Materials Science The functional properties of ferroelectric materials are strongly influenced by ferroelectric polarization orientation; as such, access to consistent and precise characterization of polarization vectors is of substantial importance to ferroelectrics research. Here, we develop a fully automated three-dimensional piezoresponse force microscopy (Auto-3DPFM) technique automating all essential steps in interferometric PFM for 3D polarization vector characterization, including laser alignment, tip calibration and approach, image acquisition, polarization vector reconstruction, and visualization. The automation reduces the experimental burden of ferroelectric polarization vector characterization, while the back-and-forth calibration ensures consistency and reproducibility of 3D polarization reconstruction. An algorithmic workflow is also developed to identify domain walls and calculate their characteristic angles via a spatial vector-angle-difference method, presenting one unique capability enabled by Auto-3DPFM that is not accessible with traditional PFM techniques. Beyond representing a significant step forward in 3D polarization mapping, Auto-3DPFM promises to accelerate discovery via high-throughput and autonomous characterization in ferroelectric materials research. When integrated with machine learning and adaptive sampling strategies in self-driving labs, Auto-3DPFM will serve as a valuable tool for advancing ferroelectric physics and microelectronics development. |
| title | Auto-3DPFM: Automating Polarization-Vector Mapping at the Nanoscale |
| topic | Materials Science |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.09249 |