LiM-YOLO: Less is More with Pyramid Level Shift for Ship Detection in Optical Remote Sensing
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2025
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| author | Kim, Seon-Hoon Kim, Yerin Sim, Hyeji Jung, Youeyun Jung, Okchul Chung, Daewon |
| author_facet | Kim, Seon-Hoon Kim, Yerin Sim, Hyeji Jung, Youeyun Jung, Okchul Chung, Daewon |
| contents | General-purpose object detectors face fundamental structural limitations when applied to ship detection in satellite imagery, where the ship scale distribution is concentrated at small sizes and high aspect ratios. In conventional You Only Look Once architectures, the deepest feature pyramid level (stride 32) compresses narrow vessels into sub-pixel representations, causing severe spatial feature dilution and compromising accurate ship boundary regression. We propose Less is More YOLO, a streamlined detector built upon the extra-large variant of YOLOv9, to address these domain-specific structural conflicts. From a statistical analysis of ship scale distributions across four major benchmarks (SODA-A, DOTA-v1.5, FAIR1M-v2.0, and ShipRSImageNet), we introduce a Pyramid Level Shift Strategy that shifts the detection head from strides 8, 16, and 32 to strides 4, 8, and 16. This shift satisfies a spatial representability condition derived from the Nyquist-Shannon principle for the narrowest targets, while eliminating the computational redundancy of the deepest pyramid level. To further stabilize training on high-resolution satellite inputs, we incorporate a group-normalized auxiliary projection module that introduces Group Normalization into the projection path, mitigating gradient instability in memory-constrained micro-batch regimes. Validated on these four datasets, our detector attains an mAP_{50-95} of 0.600 with only 21.16 million parameters, a 64.1% reduction from the extra-large YOLOv9 baseline (58.99 million). Despite this compact size, our model surpasses state-of-the-art detectors up to three times larger, validating that a well-targeted pyramid level shift achieves a "Less is More" balance between accuracy and efficiency. The code is available at https://github.com/egshkim/LiM-YOLO. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_09700 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | LiM-YOLO: Less is More with Pyramid Level Shift for Ship Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Kim, Seon-Hoon Kim, Yerin Sim, Hyeji Jung, Youeyun Jung, Okchul Chung, Daewon Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Image and Video Processing General-purpose object detectors face fundamental structural limitations when applied to ship detection in satellite imagery, where the ship scale distribution is concentrated at small sizes and high aspect ratios. In conventional You Only Look Once architectures, the deepest feature pyramid level (stride 32) compresses narrow vessels into sub-pixel representations, causing severe spatial feature dilution and compromising accurate ship boundary regression. We propose Less is More YOLO, a streamlined detector built upon the extra-large variant of YOLOv9, to address these domain-specific structural conflicts. From a statistical analysis of ship scale distributions across four major benchmarks (SODA-A, DOTA-v1.5, FAIR1M-v2.0, and ShipRSImageNet), we introduce a Pyramid Level Shift Strategy that shifts the detection head from strides 8, 16, and 32 to strides 4, 8, and 16. This shift satisfies a spatial representability condition derived from the Nyquist-Shannon principle for the narrowest targets, while eliminating the computational redundancy of the deepest pyramid level. To further stabilize training on high-resolution satellite inputs, we incorporate a group-normalized auxiliary projection module that introduces Group Normalization into the projection path, mitigating gradient instability in memory-constrained micro-batch regimes. Validated on these four datasets, our detector attains an mAP_{50-95} of 0.600 with only 21.16 million parameters, a 64.1% reduction from the extra-large YOLOv9 baseline (58.99 million). Despite this compact size, our model surpasses state-of-the-art detectors up to three times larger, validating that a well-targeted pyramid level shift achieves a "Less is More" balance between accuracy and efficiency. The code is available at https://github.com/egshkim/LiM-YOLO. |
| title | LiM-YOLO: Less is More with Pyramid Level Shift for Ship Detection in Optical Remote Sensing |
| topic | Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Image and Video Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.09700 |