EP250827b/SN 2025wkm: An X-ray Flash-Supernova Powered by a Central Engine and Circumstellar Interaction
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2025
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| author | Srinivasaragavan, Gokul P. Li, Dongyue Hall, Xander J. Gottlieb, Ore Schroeder, Genevieve Liu, Heyang O'Connor, Brendan Jin, Chichuan Kasliwal, Mansi Ahumada, Tomás Wu, Qinyu Fryer, Christopher L. Niblett, Annabelle E. Xu, Dong Ravasio, Maria Edvige Daja, Grace Li, Wenxiong Anand, Shreya Ho, Anna Y. Q. Sun, Hui Perley, Daniel A. Yan, Lin Burns, Eric Cenko, S. Bradley Sollerman, Jesper Sarin, Nikhil Piro, Anthony L. Aryan, Amar Miller, M. Coleman An, Jie An, Tao Andrews, Moira Augustin, Jule Bellm, Eric C. Bochenek, Aleksandra Busmann, Malte Chanchaiworawit, Krittapas Chen, Huaqing Caballero-García, Maria D. Castro-Tirado, Alberto J. Esamdin, Ali Faba-Moreno, Jennifer Farah, Joseph Fernández-García, Emilio Fu, Shaoyu Fynbo, Johan P. U. Gassert, Julius Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Pérez-García, Ignacio Graham, Matthew Gritsevich, Maria Gruen, Daniel Guziy, Sergiy Howell, D. Andrew He, Linbo Hu, Jingwei Hu, You-Dong Iskandar, Abdusamatjan Jaims, Joahan Castaneda Jiang, Ji-An Jiang, Ning Jiang, Shuaijiao Liang, Runduo Ling, Zhixing Liu, Jialian Liu, Xing Liu, Yuan Masci, Frank J. McCully, Curtis Newsome, Megan Noysena, Kanthanakorn Pandey, Shashi B. Ni, Kangrui Palmese, Antonella Peng, Han-Long Purdum, Josiah Qin, Yu-Jing Rose, Sam Rusholme, Ben Sánchez-Ramírez, Rubén Sevilla, Cassie Smith, Roger Song, Yujia Sravan, Niharika Stein, Robert Tabor, Constantin Terreran, Giacomo Tinyanont, Samaporn Vega, Pablo Wang, Letian Wang, Tinggu Wang, Xiaofeng Wu, Siyu Wu, Xuefeng Wynn, Kathryn Xu, Yunfei Yan, Shengyu Yuan, Weimin Zhang, Binbin Zhang, Chen Zhu, Zipei Zuo, Xiaoxiong Bhullar, Gursimran |
| author_facet | Srinivasaragavan, Gokul P. Li, Dongyue Hall, Xander J. Gottlieb, Ore Schroeder, Genevieve Liu, Heyang O'Connor, Brendan Jin, Chichuan Kasliwal, Mansi Ahumada, Tomás Wu, Qinyu Fryer, Christopher L. Niblett, Annabelle E. Xu, Dong Ravasio, Maria Edvige Daja, Grace Li, Wenxiong Anand, Shreya Ho, Anna Y. Q. Sun, Hui Perley, Daniel A. Yan, Lin Burns, Eric Cenko, S. Bradley Sollerman, Jesper Sarin, Nikhil Piro, Anthony L. Aryan, Amar Miller, M. Coleman An, Jie An, Tao Andrews, Moira Augustin, Jule Bellm, Eric C. Bochenek, Aleksandra Busmann, Malte Chanchaiworawit, Krittapas Chen, Huaqing Caballero-García, Maria D. Castro-Tirado, Alberto J. Esamdin, Ali Faba-Moreno, Jennifer Farah, Joseph Fernández-García, Emilio Fu, Shaoyu Fynbo, Johan P. U. Gassert, Julius Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Pérez-García, Ignacio Graham, Matthew Gritsevich, Maria Gruen, Daniel Guziy, Sergiy Howell, D. Andrew He, Linbo Hu, Jingwei Hu, You-Dong Iskandar, Abdusamatjan Jaims, Joahan Castaneda Jiang, Ji-An Jiang, Ning Jiang, Shuaijiao Liang, Runduo Ling, Zhixing Liu, Jialian Liu, Xing Liu, Yuan Masci, Frank J. McCully, Curtis Newsome, Megan Noysena, Kanthanakorn Pandey, Shashi B. Ni, Kangrui Palmese, Antonella Peng, Han-Long Purdum, Josiah Qin, Yu-Jing Rose, Sam Rusholme, Ben Sánchez-Ramírez, Rubén Sevilla, Cassie Smith, Roger Song, Yujia Sravan, Niharika Stein, Robert Tabor, Constantin Terreran, Giacomo Tinyanont, Samaporn Vega, Pablo Wang, Letian Wang, Tinggu Wang, Xiaofeng Wu, Siyu Wu, Xuefeng Wynn, Kathryn Xu, Yunfei Yan, Shengyu Yuan, Weimin Zhang, Binbin Zhang, Chen Zhu, Zipei Zuo, Xiaoxiong Bhullar, Gursimran |
| contents | We present the discovery of EP250827b/SN 2025wkm, an X-ray Flash (XRF) discovered by the Einstein Probe (EP), accompanied by a broad-line Type Ic supernova (SN Ic-BL) at $z = 0.1194$. EP250827b possesses a prompt X-ray luminosity of $\sim 10^{45} \, \rm{erg \, s^{-1}}$, lasts over 1000 seconds, and has a peak energy $E_{\rm{p}} < 1.5$ keV at 90\% confidence. SN 2025wkm possesses a double-peaked optical light curve (LC), though its bolometric luminosity plateaus after its initial peak for $\sim 20$ days, consistent with a central engine injecting additional energy into the explosion. Its spectrum transitions from a blue to red continuum with clear blueshifted broad absorption features consistent with a SN Ic-BL classification. We do not detect any transient radio emission and rule out the existence of an on-axis, energetic jet $\gtrsim 10^{50}~$erg assuming a typical LGRB circumburst constant density ($n \approx 10^{-3}$--$10^{-1}~{\rm cm}^{-3}$) and microphysical parameters ($ε_{\rm e} = 0.1$ and $ε_{\rm B} = 0.01$). In the model we invoke, the collapse gives rise to a long-lived magnetar, potentially surrounded by an accretion disk. Magnetically--driven winds from the magnetar and the disk mix together and break out with a velocity $\sim 0.35c$ and interact with an extended circumstellar medium with radius $\sim 10^{13}$ cm, generating X-ray breakout emission through non-thermal free-free processes. The disk outflows and magnetar winds power blackbody photospheric emission as they cool adiabatically and thermalize, producing the first SN peak. The spin-down luminosity of the magnetar and radioactive decay of $^{56}$Ni powers the late-time emission. We end by discussing the landscape of XRF-SNe within the context of EP's recent discoveries. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_10239 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | EP250827b/SN 2025wkm: An X-ray Flash-Supernova Powered by a Central Engine and Circumstellar Interaction Srinivasaragavan, Gokul P. Li, Dongyue Hall, Xander J. Gottlieb, Ore Schroeder, Genevieve Liu, Heyang O'Connor, Brendan Jin, Chichuan Kasliwal, Mansi Ahumada, Tomás Wu, Qinyu Fryer, Christopher L. Niblett, Annabelle E. Xu, Dong Ravasio, Maria Edvige Daja, Grace Li, Wenxiong Anand, Shreya Ho, Anna Y. Q. Sun, Hui Perley, Daniel A. Yan, Lin Burns, Eric Cenko, S. Bradley Sollerman, Jesper Sarin, Nikhil Piro, Anthony L. Aryan, Amar Miller, M. Coleman An, Jie An, Tao Andrews, Moira Augustin, Jule Bellm, Eric C. Bochenek, Aleksandra Busmann, Malte Chanchaiworawit, Krittapas Chen, Huaqing Caballero-García, Maria D. Castro-Tirado, Alberto J. Esamdin, Ali Faba-Moreno, Jennifer Farah, Joseph Fernández-García, Emilio Fu, Shaoyu Fynbo, Johan P. U. Gassert, Julius Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Pérez-García, Ignacio Graham, Matthew Gritsevich, Maria Gruen, Daniel Guziy, Sergiy Howell, D. Andrew He, Linbo Hu, Jingwei Hu, You-Dong Iskandar, Abdusamatjan Jaims, Joahan Castaneda Jiang, Ji-An Jiang, Ning Jiang, Shuaijiao Liang, Runduo Ling, Zhixing Liu, Jialian Liu, Xing Liu, Yuan Masci, Frank J. McCully, Curtis Newsome, Megan Noysena, Kanthanakorn Pandey, Shashi B. Ni, Kangrui Palmese, Antonella Peng, Han-Long Purdum, Josiah Qin, Yu-Jing Rose, Sam Rusholme, Ben Sánchez-Ramírez, Rubén Sevilla, Cassie Smith, Roger Song, Yujia Sravan, Niharika Stein, Robert Tabor, Constantin Terreran, Giacomo Tinyanont, Samaporn Vega, Pablo Wang, Letian Wang, Tinggu Wang, Xiaofeng Wu, Siyu Wu, Xuefeng Wynn, Kathryn Xu, Yunfei Yan, Shengyu Yuan, Weimin Zhang, Binbin Zhang, Chen Zhu, Zipei Zuo, Xiaoxiong Bhullar, Gursimran High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena We present the discovery of EP250827b/SN 2025wkm, an X-ray Flash (XRF) discovered by the Einstein Probe (EP), accompanied by a broad-line Type Ic supernova (SN Ic-BL) at $z = 0.1194$. EP250827b possesses a prompt X-ray luminosity of $\sim 10^{45} \, \rm{erg \, s^{-1}}$, lasts over 1000 seconds, and has a peak energy $E_{\rm{p}} < 1.5$ keV at 90\% confidence. SN 2025wkm possesses a double-peaked optical light curve (LC), though its bolometric luminosity plateaus after its initial peak for $\sim 20$ days, consistent with a central engine injecting additional energy into the explosion. Its spectrum transitions from a blue to red continuum with clear blueshifted broad absorption features consistent with a SN Ic-BL classification. We do not detect any transient radio emission and rule out the existence of an on-axis, energetic jet $\gtrsim 10^{50}~$erg assuming a typical LGRB circumburst constant density ($n \approx 10^{-3}$--$10^{-1}~{\rm cm}^{-3}$) and microphysical parameters ($ε_{\rm e} = 0.1$ and $ε_{\rm B} = 0.01$). In the model we invoke, the collapse gives rise to a long-lived magnetar, potentially surrounded by an accretion disk. Magnetically--driven winds from the magnetar and the disk mix together and break out with a velocity $\sim 0.35c$ and interact with an extended circumstellar medium with radius $\sim 10^{13}$ cm, generating X-ray breakout emission through non-thermal free-free processes. The disk outflows and magnetar winds power blackbody photospheric emission as they cool adiabatically and thermalize, producing the first SN peak. The spin-down luminosity of the magnetar and radioactive decay of $^{56}$Ni powers the late-time emission. We end by discussing the landscape of XRF-SNe within the context of EP's recent discoveries. |
| title | EP250827b/SN 2025wkm: An X-ray Flash-Supernova Powered by a Central Engine and Circumstellar Interaction |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.10239 |