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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2025
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.10298 |
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| _version_ | 1866909040802529280 |
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| author | Yang, Yuhan Liu, Tie Liu, Sheng-Yuan Johnstone, Doug Herczeg, Gregory Jiao, Wenyu Su, Yu-Nung Mai, Xiaofeng Xu, Fengwei Meyer, Dominique Zhang, Siju Vorobyov, Eduard Zhang, Suinan Luo, Qiuyi Garay, Guido Chen, Xi Jiao, Yunfan Gu, Qi-lao Zhang, Yan-kun Tatematsu, Ken'ichi Kim, Kee-Tae Sobolev, Andrey Parfenov, Sergey Ladeyschikov, Dmitry A. Bronfman, Leonardo |
| author_facet | Yang, Yuhan Liu, Tie Liu, Sheng-Yuan Johnstone, Doug Herczeg, Gregory Jiao, Wenyu Su, Yu-Nung Mai, Xiaofeng Xu, Fengwei Meyer, Dominique Zhang, Siju Vorobyov, Eduard Zhang, Suinan Luo, Qiuyi Garay, Guido Chen, Xi Jiao, Yunfan Gu, Qi-lao Zhang, Yan-kun Tatematsu, Ken'ichi Kim, Kee-Tae Sobolev, Andrey Parfenov, Sergey Ladeyschikov, Dmitry A. Bronfman, Leonardo |
| contents | Millimeter/submillimeter variability is often attributed to dynamical disk-mediated accretion, yet detection is limited to low-mass protostars in nearby clouds. Recent observations have also revealed significant (sub)millimeter variability in high-mass protostars, but the confirmed cases are scarce and lack systematic monitoring. In this work, we analyzed multi-epoch Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Band 6 (1.3 mm) continuum observations of 22 massive protoclusters, with epoch separations ranging from a few hours to more than two years, while achieving a consistent angular resolution of approximately 0.3 arcsec. These data allow us to track variability of protostars across a broader mass range and in an environment markedly different from nearby clouds. Using a custom processing pipeline for data reduction, image alignment, and relative flux calibration, we achieve high-precision flux measurements and, for the first time, investigate millimeter variability in massive protoclusters based on interferometric data in a statistical manner. Applying the astrodendro algorithm, we identified 383 condensations and tracked their variations in peak intensities. Standard deviation analysis and difference maps reveal five variable sources, corresponding to a lower limit of 1.3% on the variable fraction. Among these, I13111-6228 stands out as it hosts a hypercompact H II region that exhibits a 68% increase in continuum peak intensity over one year, with an uncertainty of 2%. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_10298 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Tracking Protostellar Variability in Massive Protoclusters with ALMA: I. Insights from QUARKS and MaMMOtH Yang, Yuhan Liu, Tie Liu, Sheng-Yuan Johnstone, Doug Herczeg, Gregory Jiao, Wenyu Su, Yu-Nung Mai, Xiaofeng Xu, Fengwei Meyer, Dominique Zhang, Siju Vorobyov, Eduard Zhang, Suinan Luo, Qiuyi Garay, Guido Chen, Xi Jiao, Yunfan Gu, Qi-lao Zhang, Yan-kun Tatematsu, Ken'ichi Kim, Kee-Tae Sobolev, Andrey Parfenov, Sergey Ladeyschikov, Dmitry A. Bronfman, Leonardo Astrophysics of Galaxies Millimeter/submillimeter variability is often attributed to dynamical disk-mediated accretion, yet detection is limited to low-mass protostars in nearby clouds. Recent observations have also revealed significant (sub)millimeter variability in high-mass protostars, but the confirmed cases are scarce and lack systematic monitoring. In this work, we analyzed multi-epoch Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Band 6 (1.3 mm) continuum observations of 22 massive protoclusters, with epoch separations ranging from a few hours to more than two years, while achieving a consistent angular resolution of approximately 0.3 arcsec. These data allow us to track variability of protostars across a broader mass range and in an environment markedly different from nearby clouds. Using a custom processing pipeline for data reduction, image alignment, and relative flux calibration, we achieve high-precision flux measurements and, for the first time, investigate millimeter variability in massive protoclusters based on interferometric data in a statistical manner. Applying the astrodendro algorithm, we identified 383 condensations and tracked their variations in peak intensities. Standard deviation analysis and difference maps reveal five variable sources, corresponding to a lower limit of 1.3% on the variable fraction. Among these, I13111-6228 stands out as it hosts a hypercompact H II region that exhibits a 68% increase in continuum peak intensity over one year, with an uncertainty of 2%. |
| title | Tracking Protostellar Variability in Massive Protoclusters with ALMA: I. Insights from QUARKS and MaMMOtH |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.10298 |