Coherent Source Subsampling: A Data-Driven Strategy for Restoring Causal-Acausal Symmetry in Ambient Seismic Wavefield Correlations

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Main Authors: Bajad, Sanket Narayan, Bharadwaj, Pushkar, Bharadwaj, Pawan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Bajad, Sanket Narayan
Bharadwaj, Pushkar
Bharadwaj, Pawan
author_facet Bajad, Sanket Narayan
Bharadwaj, Pushkar
Bharadwaj, Pawan
contents Ambient noise tomography relies on the assumption that the seismic wavefield is equipartitioned. In practice, ambient noise sources are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, producing biased estimates of the Green's function between stations. We introduce a data-driven method, Coherent Source Subsampling (CSS), which selects and averages only cross-correlation time windows associated with excitation of sources in the stationary zone. By restricting the ensemble average to these windows, CSS mitigates the effects of nonuniform source distribution and restores causal-acausal symmetry in the retrieved interstation response. Applications to regional ambient-noise datasets show that CSS stabilizes surface-wave dispersion measurements even when source statistics violate the assumptions of standard seismic interferometry. For the central California dataset, CSS-derived group-velocity tomograms consistently image a high-velocity block between the Rinconada and San Andreas faults across multiple periods. In comparison, the full-ensemble (linear) average does not capture this block, which is well established. Our approach is particularly useful for short-duration passive surveys.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_10448
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Coherent Source Subsampling: A Data-Driven Strategy for Restoring Causal-Acausal Symmetry in Ambient Seismic Wavefield Correlations
Bajad, Sanket Narayan
Bharadwaj, Pushkar
Bharadwaj, Pawan
Geophysics
Ambient noise tomography relies on the assumption that the seismic wavefield is equipartitioned. In practice, ambient noise sources are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, producing biased estimates of the Green's function between stations. We introduce a data-driven method, Coherent Source Subsampling (CSS), which selects and averages only cross-correlation time windows associated with excitation of sources in the stationary zone. By restricting the ensemble average to these windows, CSS mitigates the effects of nonuniform source distribution and restores causal-acausal symmetry in the retrieved interstation response. Applications to regional ambient-noise datasets show that CSS stabilizes surface-wave dispersion measurements even when source statistics violate the assumptions of standard seismic interferometry. For the central California dataset, CSS-derived group-velocity tomograms consistently image a high-velocity block between the Rinconada and San Andreas faults across multiple periods. In comparison, the full-ensemble (linear) average does not capture this block, which is well established. Our approach is particularly useful for short-duration passive surveys.
title Coherent Source Subsampling: A Data-Driven Strategy for Restoring Causal-Acausal Symmetry in Ambient Seismic Wavefield Correlations
topic Geophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.10448