A Direct Second-Order Method for Solving Two-Player Zero-Sum Games

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Yang, David, Gao, Yuan, Lin, Tianyi, Kroer, Christian
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Yang, David
Gao, Yuan
Lin, Tianyi
Kroer, Christian
author_facet Yang, David
Gao, Yuan
Lin, Tianyi
Kroer, Christian
contents We introduce, to our knowledge, the first direct second-order method for computing Nash equilibria in two-player zero-sum games. To do so, we construct a Douglas-Rachford-style splitting formulation, which we then solve with a semi-smooth Newton (SSN) method. We show that our algorithm enjoys local superlinear convergence. In order to augment the fast local behavior of our SSN method with global efficiency guarantees, we develop a hybrid method that combines our SSN method with the state-of-the-art first-order method for game solving, Predictive Regret Matching$^+$ (PRM$^+$). Our hybrid algorithm leverages the global progress provided by PRM$^+$, while achieving a local superlinear convergence rate once it switches to SSN near a Nash equilibrium. Numerical experiments on matrix games demonstrate order-of-magnitude speedups over PRM$^+$ for high-precision solutions.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_12910
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Direct Second-Order Method for Solving Two-Player Zero-Sum Games
Yang, David
Gao, Yuan
Lin, Tianyi
Kroer, Christian
Computer Science and Game Theory
Optimization and Control
We introduce, to our knowledge, the first direct second-order method for computing Nash equilibria in two-player zero-sum games. To do so, we construct a Douglas-Rachford-style splitting formulation, which we then solve with a semi-smooth Newton (SSN) method. We show that our algorithm enjoys local superlinear convergence. In order to augment the fast local behavior of our SSN method with global efficiency guarantees, we develop a hybrid method that combines our SSN method with the state-of-the-art first-order method for game solving, Predictive Regret Matching$^+$ (PRM$^+$). Our hybrid algorithm leverages the global progress provided by PRM$^+$, while achieving a local superlinear convergence rate once it switches to SSN near a Nash equilibrium. Numerical experiments on matrix games demonstrate order-of-magnitude speedups over PRM$^+$ for high-precision solutions.
title A Direct Second-Order Method for Solving Two-Player Zero-Sum Games
topic Computer Science and Game Theory
Optimization and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12910