Multi-messenger and time-domain astronomy in the 2040s
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2025
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| author | Nissanke, Samaya Sarin, Nikhil Copperwheat, Chris Antier, Sarah Berge, David Bosch, Pablo Ghosh, Archisman Groot, Paul Hallinan, Gregg Hinderer, Tanja Hotokezaka, Kenta Karydas, Theophanes Kasliwal, Mansi Kini, Yves Kotak, Rubina Kotera, Kumiko Kowalski, Marek Krauth, Luke Krishna, Kruthi Kupfer, Thomas Lampropoulos, Paraskevas Levan, Andrew Liodis, Ioannis Marcotulli, Lea Mooley, Kunal Piranomonte, Silvia Rea, Nanda Roth, Martin Scaringi, Simone Schulze, Steve Suleiman, Lami Tanvir, Nial Zegarelli, Angela Zhu, Sylvia J. |
| author_facet | Nissanke, Samaya Sarin, Nikhil Copperwheat, Chris Antier, Sarah Berge, David Bosch, Pablo Ghosh, Archisman Groot, Paul Hallinan, Gregg Hinderer, Tanja Hotokezaka, Kenta Karydas, Theophanes Kasliwal, Mansi Kini, Yves Kotak, Rubina Kotera, Kumiko Kowalski, Marek Krauth, Luke Krishna, Kruthi Kupfer, Thomas Lampropoulos, Paraskevas Levan, Andrew Liodis, Ioannis Marcotulli, Lea Mooley, Kunal Piranomonte, Silvia Rea, Nanda Roth, Martin Scaringi, Simone Schulze, Steve Suleiman, Lami Tanvir, Nial Zegarelli, Angela Zhu, Sylvia J. |
| contents | Multi-messenger astronomy will be transformed in the 2040s by an unprecedented volume of detections from next-generation gravitational wave, high-energy, and ultra-high energy neutrino, cosmic ray, and time domain observatories. This white paper, prepared for the European Southern Observatory (ESO) Expanding Horizons call, outlines the key science questions enabled by this emerging multi-messenger ecosystem, ranging from nucleosynthesis and dense matter physics to cosmology, fundamental physics, and the growth of black holes across cosmic time. We demonstrate that fully exploiting these discoveries requires a step change in optical to near infrared spectroscopic capability, including low latency response, high throughput, and flexible time domain operations across both hemispheres. We argue that without a dedicated large-aperture time domain facility, the scientific return of multi-messenger astronomy in the 2040s will be considerably limited. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_14546 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Multi-messenger and time-domain astronomy in the 2040s Nissanke, Samaya Sarin, Nikhil Copperwheat, Chris Antier, Sarah Berge, David Bosch, Pablo Ghosh, Archisman Groot, Paul Hallinan, Gregg Hinderer, Tanja Hotokezaka, Kenta Karydas, Theophanes Kasliwal, Mansi Kini, Yves Kotak, Rubina Kotera, Kumiko Kowalski, Marek Krauth, Luke Krishna, Kruthi Kupfer, Thomas Lampropoulos, Paraskevas Levan, Andrew Liodis, Ioannis Marcotulli, Lea Mooley, Kunal Piranomonte, Silvia Rea, Nanda Roth, Martin Scaringi, Simone Schulze, Steve Suleiman, Lami Tanvir, Nial Zegarelli, Angela Zhu, Sylvia J. Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Multi-messenger astronomy will be transformed in the 2040s by an unprecedented volume of detections from next-generation gravitational wave, high-energy, and ultra-high energy neutrino, cosmic ray, and time domain observatories. This white paper, prepared for the European Southern Observatory (ESO) Expanding Horizons call, outlines the key science questions enabled by this emerging multi-messenger ecosystem, ranging from nucleosynthesis and dense matter physics to cosmology, fundamental physics, and the growth of black holes across cosmic time. We demonstrate that fully exploiting these discoveries requires a step change in optical to near infrared spectroscopic capability, including low latency response, high throughput, and flexible time domain operations across both hemispheres. We argue that without a dedicated large-aperture time domain facility, the scientific return of multi-messenger astronomy in the 2040s will be considerably limited. |
| title | Multi-messenger and time-domain astronomy in the 2040s |
| topic | Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.14546 |