NGC 3521 as the Milky Way near twin: spectral energy distribution from UV to radio decameter ranges
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Kompaniiets, O. V. Vavilova, I. B. Vasylkivskyi, Y. V. Konovalenko, O. O. Pastoven, O. S. Izviekova, I. O. Junais Dmytrenko, A. M. Dobrycheva, D. V. Fedorov, P. N. Khramtsov, V. P. Sergijenko, O. Vasylenko, A. A. |
| author_facet | Kompaniiets, O. V. Vavilova, I. B. Vasylkivskyi, Y. V. Konovalenko, O. O. Pastoven, O. S. Izviekova, I. O. Junais Dmytrenko, A. M. Dobrycheva, D. V. Fedorov, P. N. Khramtsov, V. P. Sergijenko, O. Vasylenko, A. A. |
| contents | Milky Way analogues (MWAs) are usually selected from structural and kinematic properties, but robust SED-based similarity criteria are limited by heterogeneous photometry and incomplete wavelength coverage. We present a homogeneous, aperture-photometry SED of the Milky Way near-twin NGC~3521 from the ultraviolet to the radio decameter range. Fluxes are measured within a fixed elliptical isophotal aperture using GALEX, SDSS, WISE, Spitzer/MIPS, Herschel/PACS+SPIRE, and VLA data, and supplemented by meter/decameter constraints. We report new observations obtained in Jan-Feb 2022 with the Ukrainian T-shape radio telescope and derive, for the first time, an upper limit in the 24--32~MHz band. The UV-to-decameter SED (27 points) is modelled with \textsc{CIGALE}, including a dedicated low-frequency radio prescription (\texttt{radio_extra}) that accounts for emission and absorption effects. Using ZTF and NEOWISE data (2014--2025), we detect genuine nuclear variability; optical trends at $\sim2^{\prime\prime}$ primarily trace the compact nucleus, while NEOWISE variability reflects a mix of nuclear changes and warm-dust emission within the larger aperture. The preferred fit yields $M_\star \simeq 6.0\times10^{10},M_\odot$, ${\rm SFR}\simeq1.65,M_\odot,{\rm yr}^{-1}$, $M_{\rm dust}\simeq1.3\times10^{8},M_\odot$, and an effective dust temperature of $\sim23$~K. The decameter constraint gives $S_{28,{\rm MHz}}<11.22$~Jy, consistent with expectations for a Milky Way-like system placed at 10.7~Mpc. We conclude that an integrated, homogeneous SED, especially below 100~MHz, provides a complementary diagnostic for identifying and validating MWAs and for interpreting how Milky Way properties would appear to an external observer. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_14664 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | NGC 3521 as the Milky Way near twin: spectral energy distribution from UV to radio decameter ranges Kompaniiets, O. V. Vavilova, I. B. Vasylkivskyi, Y. V. Konovalenko, O. O. Pastoven, O. S. Izviekova, I. O. Junais Dmytrenko, A. M. Dobrycheva, D. V. Fedorov, P. N. Khramtsov, V. P. Sergijenko, O. Vasylenko, A. A. Astrophysics of Galaxies Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics Milky Way analogues (MWAs) are usually selected from structural and kinematic properties, but robust SED-based similarity criteria are limited by heterogeneous photometry and incomplete wavelength coverage. We present a homogeneous, aperture-photometry SED of the Milky Way near-twin NGC~3521 from the ultraviolet to the radio decameter range. Fluxes are measured within a fixed elliptical isophotal aperture using GALEX, SDSS, WISE, Spitzer/MIPS, Herschel/PACS+SPIRE, and VLA data, and supplemented by meter/decameter constraints. We report new observations obtained in Jan-Feb 2022 with the Ukrainian T-shape radio telescope and derive, for the first time, an upper limit in the 24--32~MHz band. The UV-to-decameter SED (27 points) is modelled with \textsc{CIGALE}, including a dedicated low-frequency radio prescription (\texttt{radio_extra}) that accounts for emission and absorption effects. Using ZTF and NEOWISE data (2014--2025), we detect genuine nuclear variability; optical trends at $\sim2^{\prime\prime}$ primarily trace the compact nucleus, while NEOWISE variability reflects a mix of nuclear changes and warm-dust emission within the larger aperture. The preferred fit yields $M_\star \simeq 6.0\times10^{10},M_\odot$, ${\rm SFR}\simeq1.65,M_\odot,{\rm yr}^{-1}$, $M_{\rm dust}\simeq1.3\times10^{8},M_\odot$, and an effective dust temperature of $\sim23$~K. The decameter constraint gives $S_{28,{\rm MHz}}<11.22$~Jy, consistent with expectations for a Milky Way-like system placed at 10.7~Mpc. We conclude that an integrated, homogeneous SED, especially below 100~MHz, provides a complementary diagnostic for identifying and validating MWAs and for interpreting how Milky Way properties would appear to an external observer. |
| title | NGC 3521 as the Milky Way near twin: spectral energy distribution from UV to radio decameter ranges |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.14664 |