The domain of soft hadrons in transverse momentum space in high energy collisions
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2025
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| author | Song, Jun Li, Hai-hong Shao, Feng-lan |
| author_facet | Song, Jun Li, Hai-hong Shao, Feng-lan |
| contents | By studying experimental data for invariant transverse momentum distribution $f(p_{T})$ of hadrons in high energy $pp$, $p$A and AA collisions, we find two characteristic $p_{T}$ points relating to the behavior of $\left[\ln f(p_{T})\right]^{''}$, i.e., the second derivative of the logarithm of hadronic $p_{T}$ spectrum with respect to $p_{T}$. One point is $p_{0}$ at which $\left[\ln f(p_{T})\right]^{''}$ is zero and another point is $p_{1}$ at which $\left[\ln f(p_{T})\right]^{''}$ reaches maximum. \bz{The hadronic distribution can be classified into three kinetic regions, i.e., soft region $0<p_{T}<p_{0}$ dominated by hadrons from soft parton system, hard region $p_{T}>p_{1}$ dominated by hadrons from high energy partonic jet, and the transition region $p_{0}<p_{T}<p_{1}$ of above two sources of hadron production.} Using rich data of hadronic $p_{T}$ spectra at RHIC and LHC, we carry out a systematical analysis for $p_{0}$ and $p_{1}$ of kaon, $K^{*}$, $ϕ$ and baryons such as $p$, $Λ$, $Ξ$, $Ω$ in $pp$, $p$-Pb and heavy-ion collisions, and show their dependence on hadron species, collision energy, collision centrality and/or charged-particle multiplicity. We also study the correlation between $p_{0}$ of hadrons and their average transverse momentum $\left\langle p_{T}\right\rangle $, and find a difference between $p_{0}$-$\left\langle p_{T}\right\rangle $ correlation of baryons and that of mesons which can be understood by quark combination mechanism at hadronization. The systematic comparison for $p_{0}$-$\left\langle p_{T}\right\rangle $ correlation of kaon, $ϕ$, $p$ and $Λ$ in $pp$, $p$-Pb, Pb-Pb and Au+Au collisions at RHIC and LHC energies indicates that $p_{0}$ is a sensitive physical quantity of reflecting the production property of soft hadrons in high energy collisions. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_15178 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | The domain of soft hadrons in transverse momentum space in high energy collisions Song, Jun Li, Hai-hong Shao, Feng-lan High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Nuclear Theory By studying experimental data for invariant transverse momentum distribution $f(p_{T})$ of hadrons in high energy $pp$, $p$A and AA collisions, we find two characteristic $p_{T}$ points relating to the behavior of $\left[\ln f(p_{T})\right]^{''}$, i.e., the second derivative of the logarithm of hadronic $p_{T}$ spectrum with respect to $p_{T}$. One point is $p_{0}$ at which $\left[\ln f(p_{T})\right]^{''}$ is zero and another point is $p_{1}$ at which $\left[\ln f(p_{T})\right]^{''}$ reaches maximum. \bz{The hadronic distribution can be classified into three kinetic regions, i.e., soft region $0<p_{T}<p_{0}$ dominated by hadrons from soft parton system, hard region $p_{T}>p_{1}$ dominated by hadrons from high energy partonic jet, and the transition region $p_{0}<p_{T}<p_{1}$ of above two sources of hadron production.} Using rich data of hadronic $p_{T}$ spectra at RHIC and LHC, we carry out a systematical analysis for $p_{0}$ and $p_{1}$ of kaon, $K^{*}$, $ϕ$ and baryons such as $p$, $Λ$, $Ξ$, $Ω$ in $pp$, $p$-Pb and heavy-ion collisions, and show their dependence on hadron species, collision energy, collision centrality and/or charged-particle multiplicity. We also study the correlation between $p_{0}$ of hadrons and their average transverse momentum $\left\langle p_{T}\right\rangle $, and find a difference between $p_{0}$-$\left\langle p_{T}\right\rangle $ correlation of baryons and that of mesons which can be understood by quark combination mechanism at hadronization. The systematic comparison for $p_{0}$-$\left\langle p_{T}\right\rangle $ correlation of kaon, $ϕ$, $p$ and $Λ$ in $pp$, $p$-Pb, Pb-Pb and Au+Au collisions at RHIC and LHC energies indicates that $p_{0}$ is a sensitive physical quantity of reflecting the production property of soft hadrons in high energy collisions. |
| title | The domain of soft hadrons in transverse momentum space in high energy collisions |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Nuclear Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.15178 |