The WINTER Observatory: A One-Degree InGaAs Survey Camera to study the Transient Infrared Sky

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Frostig, Danielle, Lourie, Nathan, Karambelkar, Viraj, Kasliwal, Mansi M., Malonis, Andrew, Simcoe, Robert A., Stein, Robert, Baker, John W., Burdge, Kevin, Burruss, Rick, Corcoran, Curt, De, Kishalay, Furesz, Gabor, Ganciu, Nicolae, Haworth, Kari, Heffner, Carolyn M., Hinrichsen, Erik, Juneau, Jill, Mo, Geoffrey, Purdum, Josiah, Rose, Sam, Soto, Cruz, Zolkower, Jeffry
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Frostig, Danielle
Lourie, Nathan
Karambelkar, Viraj
Kasliwal, Mansi M.
Malonis, Andrew
Simcoe, Robert A.
Stein, Robert
Baker, John W.
Burdge, Kevin
Burruss, Rick
Corcoran, Curt
De, Kishalay
Furesz, Gabor
Ganciu, Nicolae
Haworth, Kari
Heffner, Carolyn M.
Hinrichsen, Erik
Juneau, Jill
Mo, Geoffrey
Purdum, Josiah
Rose, Sam
Soto, Cruz
Zolkower, Jeffry
author_facet Frostig, Danielle
Lourie, Nathan
Karambelkar, Viraj
Kasliwal, Mansi M.
Malonis, Andrew
Simcoe, Robert A.
Stein, Robert
Baker, John W.
Burdge, Kevin
Burruss, Rick
Corcoran, Curt
De, Kishalay
Furesz, Gabor
Ganciu, Nicolae
Haworth, Kari
Heffner, Carolyn M.
Hinrichsen, Erik
Juneau, Jill
Mo, Geoffrey
Purdum, Josiah
Rose, Sam
Soto, Cruz
Zolkower, Jeffry
contents The Wide-field Infrared Transient Explorer (WINTER) is a near-infrared time-domain survey instrument operating on a dedicated 1-meter robotic telescope at Palomar Observatory. The project takes advantage of recent technology advances in time-domain astronomy, robotic telescopes, large-format sensors, and rapid data reduction and alert software for timely follow up of events. Since June of 2023, WINTER robotically surveys the sky each night to a median depth of J_AB = 18.5 mag, balancing a variety of science programs including searching for kilonovae from gravitational-wave alerts, blind surveys to study galactic and extragalactic transients and variables, and building up reference images of the near-infrared sky. The project also serves as a technology demonstration for new large-format Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) sensors for wide-field science in the near infrared without cryogenically cooled optics or detectors. WINTER's custom camera combines six InGaAs sensors with a novel tiled fly's-eye optical design to cover a >1 deg^2 field of view with 1 arcsecond pixels in the Y-, J-, and shortened-H-band filters (0.9 - 1.7 micron). This paper presents the design, performance, and early on-sky science of the WINTER observatory.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_16753
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The WINTER Observatory: A One-Degree InGaAs Survey Camera to study the Transient Infrared Sky
Frostig, Danielle
Lourie, Nathan
Karambelkar, Viraj
Kasliwal, Mansi M.
Malonis, Andrew
Simcoe, Robert A.
Stein, Robert
Baker, John W.
Burdge, Kevin
Burruss, Rick
Corcoran, Curt
De, Kishalay
Furesz, Gabor
Ganciu, Nicolae
Haworth, Kari
Heffner, Carolyn M.
Hinrichsen, Erik
Juneau, Jill
Mo, Geoffrey
Purdum, Josiah
Rose, Sam
Soto, Cruz
Zolkower, Jeffry
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Astrophysics of Galaxies
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
The Wide-field Infrared Transient Explorer (WINTER) is a near-infrared time-domain survey instrument operating on a dedicated 1-meter robotic telescope at Palomar Observatory. The project takes advantage of recent technology advances in time-domain astronomy, robotic telescopes, large-format sensors, and rapid data reduction and alert software for timely follow up of events. Since June of 2023, WINTER robotically surveys the sky each night to a median depth of J_AB = 18.5 mag, balancing a variety of science programs including searching for kilonovae from gravitational-wave alerts, blind surveys to study galactic and extragalactic transients and variables, and building up reference images of the near-infrared sky. The project also serves as a technology demonstration for new large-format Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) sensors for wide-field science in the near infrared without cryogenically cooled optics or detectors. WINTER's custom camera combines six InGaAs sensors with a novel tiled fly's-eye optical design to cover a >1 deg^2 field of view with 1 arcsecond pixels in the Y-, J-, and shortened-H-band filters (0.9 - 1.7 micron). This paper presents the design, performance, and early on-sky science of the WINTER observatory.
title The WINTER Observatory: A One-Degree InGaAs Survey Camera to study the Transient Infrared Sky
topic Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Astrophysics of Galaxies
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.16753