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Main Authors: Zhou, Jiacheng, Wang, Xinwei, Shi, Tianle, Wan, Lei, Ye, Junzhi, Li, Zhiqiang, Walsh, Aron, Hoye, Robert L. Z., Zhou, Ru
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.18100
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author Zhou, Jiacheng
Wang, Xinwei
Shi, Tianle
Wan, Lei
Ye, Junzhi
Li, Zhiqiang
Walsh, Aron
Hoye, Robert L. Z.
Zhou, Ru
author_facet Zhou, Jiacheng
Wang, Xinwei
Shi, Tianle
Wan, Lei
Ye, Junzhi
Li, Zhiqiang
Walsh, Aron
Hoye, Robert L. Z.
Zhou, Ru
contents Sb2S3 is a promising material for low-toxicity, high-stability next-generation photovoltaics. Despite high optical limits in efficiency, progress in improving its device performance has been limited by severe voltage losses. Recent spectroscopic investigations suggest that self-trapping occurs in Sb2S3, limiting the open-circuit voltage (Voc) to a maximum of approximately 800 mV, which is the level the field has asymptotically approached. In this work, we surpass this voltage barrier through reductions in the defect density in Sb2S3 thin films by modulating the growth mechanism in chemical bath deposition using citrate ligand additives. Deep level transient spectroscopy identifies two deep traps 0.4-0.7 eV above the valence band maximum, and, through first-principles calculations, we identify these to likely be S vacancies, or Sb on S anti-sites. The concentrations of these traps are lowered by decreasing the grain boundary density from 1114+/-52 nm/um2 to 585+/-10 nm/um2, and we achieve a Voc of 824 mV, the record for Sb2S3 solar cells. This work addresses the debate in the field around whether Sb2S3 is limited by defects or self-trapping, showing that it is possible to improve the performance towards the radiative limit through careful defect engineering.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_18100
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Breaking the 800 mV open-circuit voltage barrier in antimony sulfide photovoltaics
Zhou, Jiacheng
Wang, Xinwei
Shi, Tianle
Wan, Lei
Ye, Junzhi
Li, Zhiqiang
Walsh, Aron
Hoye, Robert L. Z.
Zhou, Ru
Materials Science
Sb2S3 is a promising material for low-toxicity, high-stability next-generation photovoltaics. Despite high optical limits in efficiency, progress in improving its device performance has been limited by severe voltage losses. Recent spectroscopic investigations suggest that self-trapping occurs in Sb2S3, limiting the open-circuit voltage (Voc) to a maximum of approximately 800 mV, which is the level the field has asymptotically approached. In this work, we surpass this voltage barrier through reductions in the defect density in Sb2S3 thin films by modulating the growth mechanism in chemical bath deposition using citrate ligand additives. Deep level transient spectroscopy identifies two deep traps 0.4-0.7 eV above the valence band maximum, and, through first-principles calculations, we identify these to likely be S vacancies, or Sb on S anti-sites. The concentrations of these traps are lowered by decreasing the grain boundary density from 1114+/-52 nm/um2 to 585+/-10 nm/um2, and we achieve a Voc of 824 mV, the record for Sb2S3 solar cells. This work addresses the debate in the field around whether Sb2S3 is limited by defects or self-trapping, showing that it is possible to improve the performance towards the radiative limit through careful defect engineering.
title Breaking the 800 mV open-circuit voltage barrier in antimony sulfide photovoltaics
topic Materials Science
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.18100