$\mathbf{Ω_1Ω_2}$-$\mathbfΛ$CDM: A promising phenomenological extension of the standard model of cosmology

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Main Author: Kumar, Suresh
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Kumar, Suresh
author_facet Kumar, Suresh
contents We investigate a phenomenological extension of the standard $Λ$CDM framework, the $Ω_1Ω_2$-$Λ$CDM model, in which the total energy density of the universe is expanded in powers of $1+z$. This parameterization recovers $Λ$CDM and introduces two additional terms, $Ω_1(1+z)$ and $Ω_2(1+z)^2$, in the dark energy sector alongside the cosmological constant, leading to a physically interpretable and observationally testable effective dark energy dynamics. Using Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) data, we find that the model allows additional freedom in the late-time expansion history while preserving standard early-universe physics. When DESI baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data are included, the inferred Hubble constant is $H_0 = 69.74 \pm 0.77~\mathrm{km\;s^{-1}\;Mpc^{-1}}$ (68% CL), consistent with Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) measurements from the Carnegie--Chicago Hubble Program (CCHP). The reconstructed dark energy equation of state exhibits a smooth transition across the phantom divide followed by asymptotic de Sitter behavior, modifying late-time dynamics while maintaining standard early-time cosmology. Overall, controlled late-time deviations from $Λ$CDM improve cosmological concordance.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_19000
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle $\mathbf{Ω_1Ω_2}$-$\mathbfΛ$CDM: A promising phenomenological extension of the standard model of cosmology
Kumar, Suresh
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
We investigate a phenomenological extension of the standard $Λ$CDM framework, the $Ω_1Ω_2$-$Λ$CDM model, in which the total energy density of the universe is expanded in powers of $1+z$. This parameterization recovers $Λ$CDM and introduces two additional terms, $Ω_1(1+z)$ and $Ω_2(1+z)^2$, in the dark energy sector alongside the cosmological constant, leading to a physically interpretable and observationally testable effective dark energy dynamics. Using Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) data, we find that the model allows additional freedom in the late-time expansion history while preserving standard early-universe physics. When DESI baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data are included, the inferred Hubble constant is $H_0 = 69.74 \pm 0.77~\mathrm{km\;s^{-1}\;Mpc^{-1}}$ (68% CL), consistent with Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) measurements from the Carnegie--Chicago Hubble Program (CCHP). The reconstructed dark energy equation of state exhibits a smooth transition across the phantom divide followed by asymptotic de Sitter behavior, modifying late-time dynamics while maintaining standard early-time cosmology. Overall, controlled late-time deviations from $Λ$CDM improve cosmological concordance.
title $\mathbf{Ω_1Ω_2}$-$\mathbfΛ$CDM: A promising phenomenological extension of the standard model of cosmology
topic Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.19000