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Main Authors: Clément, François, Steinerberger, Stefan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.23018
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author Clément, François
Steinerberger, Stefan
author_facet Clément, François
Steinerberger, Stefan
contents It is widely believed that the energy functional $E_p:(\mathbb{S}^2)^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ $$ E_p = \sum_{i,j=1 \atop i \neq j}^{n} \frac{1}{\|x_i-x_j\|^p}$$ has a number of critical points, $\nabla E(x) = 0$, that grows exponentially in $n$. Despite having been extensively tested and being physically well motivated, no rigorous result in this direction exists. We prove a version of this result on the two-dimensional flat torus $\mathbb{T}^2$ and show that there are infinitely many $n \in \mathbb{N}$ such that the number of critical points of $E_p: (\mathbb{T}^2)^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is at least $\exp(c \sqrt{n})$ provided $p \geq 5 \log{n}$. We also investigate the special cases $n=3,4,5$ which turn out to be surprisingly interesting.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_23018
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Many critical points for discrete Riesz energy on $\mathbb{T}^2$
Clément, François
Steinerberger, Stefan
Classical Analysis and ODEs
It is widely believed that the energy functional $E_p:(\mathbb{S}^2)^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ $$ E_p = \sum_{i,j=1 \atop i \neq j}^{n} \frac{1}{\|x_i-x_j\|^p}$$ has a number of critical points, $\nabla E(x) = 0$, that grows exponentially in $n$. Despite having been extensively tested and being physically well motivated, no rigorous result in this direction exists. We prove a version of this result on the two-dimensional flat torus $\mathbb{T}^2$ and show that there are infinitely many $n \in \mathbb{N}$ such that the number of critical points of $E_p: (\mathbb{T}^2)^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is at least $\exp(c \sqrt{n})$ provided $p \geq 5 \log{n}$. We also investigate the special cases $n=3,4,5$ which turn out to be surprisingly interesting.
title Many critical points for discrete Riesz energy on $\mathbb{T}^2$
topic Classical Analysis and ODEs
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.23018