Chebyshev's bias without linear independence

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Author: Hayani, Mounir
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Hayani, Mounir
author_facet Hayani, Mounir
contents We confirm Chebyshev's observation that primes are strikingly more abundant in non-square residue classes modulo a fixed integer under the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH) by proving a (natural) density $1$ statement for prime counting functions in residue classes where each prime is weighted by its inverse square root. In contrast to the majority of the existing literature on the subject, we do not need to restrict to logarithmic densities to measure Chebyshev's bias, and we do not rely on any hypothesis on the zeros of $L$-functions that is stronger than GRH.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_23302
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Chebyshev's bias without linear independence
Hayani, Mounir
Number Theory
We confirm Chebyshev's observation that primes are strikingly more abundant in non-square residue classes modulo a fixed integer under the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH) by proving a (natural) density $1$ statement for prime counting functions in residue classes where each prime is weighted by its inverse square root. In contrast to the majority of the existing literature on the subject, we do not need to restrict to logarithmic densities to measure Chebyshev's bias, and we do not rely on any hypothesis on the zeros of $L$-functions that is stronger than GRH.
title Chebyshev's bias without linear independence
topic Number Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.23302