Low-Complexity Planar Beyond-Diagonal RIS Architecture Design Using Graph Theory

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Nerini, Matteo, Wu, Zheyu, Shen, Shanpu, Clerckx, Bruno
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Nerini, Matteo
Wu, Zheyu
Shen, Shanpu
Clerckx, Bruno
author_facet Nerini, Matteo
Wu, Zheyu
Shen, Shanpu
Clerckx, Bruno
contents Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) enable programmable control of the wireless propagation environment and are key enablers for future networks. Beyond-diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) architectures enhance conventional RIS by interconnecting elements through tunable impedance components, offering greater flexibility with higher circuit complexity. However, excessive interconnections between BD-RIS elements require multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) designs, increasing fabrication difficulty. In this letter, we use graph theory to characterize the BD-RIS architectures that can be realized on double-layer PCBs, denoted as planar-connected RISs. Among the possible planar-connected RISs, we identify the ones with the most degrees of freedom, expected to achieve the best performance under practical constraints.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_03831
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Low-Complexity Planar Beyond-Diagonal RIS Architecture Design Using Graph Theory
Nerini, Matteo
Wu, Zheyu
Shen, Shanpu
Clerckx, Bruno
Information Theory
Signal Processing
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) enable programmable control of the wireless propagation environment and are key enablers for future networks. Beyond-diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) architectures enhance conventional RIS by interconnecting elements through tunable impedance components, offering greater flexibility with higher circuit complexity. However, excessive interconnections between BD-RIS elements require multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) designs, increasing fabrication difficulty. In this letter, we use graph theory to characterize the BD-RIS architectures that can be realized on double-layer PCBs, denoted as planar-connected RISs. Among the possible planar-connected RISs, we identify the ones with the most degrees of freedom, expected to achieve the best performance under practical constraints.
title Low-Complexity Planar Beyond-Diagonal RIS Architecture Design Using Graph Theory
topic Information Theory
Signal Processing
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.03831