Low-Complexity Planar Beyond-Diagonal RIS Architecture Design Using Graph Theory
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866910182340034560 |
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| author | Nerini, Matteo Wu, Zheyu Shen, Shanpu Clerckx, Bruno |
| author_facet | Nerini, Matteo Wu, Zheyu Shen, Shanpu Clerckx, Bruno |
| contents | Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) enable programmable control of the wireless propagation environment and are key enablers for future networks. Beyond-diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) architectures enhance conventional RIS by interconnecting elements through tunable impedance components, offering greater flexibility with higher circuit complexity. However, excessive interconnections between BD-RIS elements require multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) designs, increasing fabrication difficulty. In this letter, we use graph theory to characterize the BD-RIS architectures that can be realized on double-layer PCBs, denoted as planar-connected RISs. Among the possible planar-connected RISs, we identify the ones with the most degrees of freedom, expected to achieve the best performance under practical constraints. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_03831 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Low-Complexity Planar Beyond-Diagonal RIS Architecture Design Using Graph Theory Nerini, Matteo Wu, Zheyu Shen, Shanpu Clerckx, Bruno Information Theory Signal Processing Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) enable programmable control of the wireless propagation environment and are key enablers for future networks. Beyond-diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) architectures enhance conventional RIS by interconnecting elements through tunable impedance components, offering greater flexibility with higher circuit complexity. However, excessive interconnections between BD-RIS elements require multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) designs, increasing fabrication difficulty. In this letter, we use graph theory to characterize the BD-RIS architectures that can be realized on double-layer PCBs, denoted as planar-connected RISs. Among the possible planar-connected RISs, we identify the ones with the most degrees of freedom, expected to achieve the best performance under practical constraints. |
| title | Low-Complexity Planar Beyond-Diagonal RIS Architecture Design Using Graph Theory |
| topic | Information Theory Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.03831 |