Mechanisms in Slide Electrification of Liquid and Frozen Drops on Hydrophobic Surfaces
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2026
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| author | Lathia, Rutvik Leibauer, Benjamin Ratschow, Aaron D. Steffen, Werner Butt, Hans-Jürgen |
| author_facet | Lathia, Rutvik Leibauer, Benjamin Ratschow, Aaron D. Steffen, Werner Butt, Hans-Jürgen |
| contents | The microscopic and fundamental origin of slide electrification, where droplets of water move across insulating surfaces accumulating and depositing electrical charges, is still debated. Charge transfer is often attributed to ion transfer at the receding contact line. However, it is still unclear whether ion transfer alone can fully account for the observed charge separation. We examined slide electrification of two polar, self-ionizing liquids (water, formamide) and two non-polar liquids (diiodomethane, bromonaphthalene). By cooling below the melting temperature, we were able to compare this process to tribocharging of the respective frozen components. Despite reduced ion mobility at sub-freezing temperatures, the ice of the polar liquids continues to accumulate significant charge. Non-polar liquids exhibit lower charging (<25% of polar liquids) and nearly identical charging behaviour in both their liquid and frozen phases on five different substrates. Since non-polar liquids contain few free ions, these observations indicate an alternative charging mechanism, which could be electron transfer. Our findings suggest that slide electrification operates through at least two mechanisms, with the dominant charge transfer pathway shifting between ions and electron transfer depending on the electronegativity, phase, and temperature. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_03887 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Mechanisms in Slide Electrification of Liquid and Frozen Drops on Hydrophobic Surfaces Lathia, Rutvik Leibauer, Benjamin Ratschow, Aaron D. Steffen, Werner Butt, Hans-Jürgen Soft Condensed Matter Chemical Physics Fluid Dynamics The microscopic and fundamental origin of slide electrification, where droplets of water move across insulating surfaces accumulating and depositing electrical charges, is still debated. Charge transfer is often attributed to ion transfer at the receding contact line. However, it is still unclear whether ion transfer alone can fully account for the observed charge separation. We examined slide electrification of two polar, self-ionizing liquids (water, formamide) and two non-polar liquids (diiodomethane, bromonaphthalene). By cooling below the melting temperature, we were able to compare this process to tribocharging of the respective frozen components. Despite reduced ion mobility at sub-freezing temperatures, the ice of the polar liquids continues to accumulate significant charge. Non-polar liquids exhibit lower charging (<25% of polar liquids) and nearly identical charging behaviour in both their liquid and frozen phases on five different substrates. Since non-polar liquids contain few free ions, these observations indicate an alternative charging mechanism, which could be electron transfer. Our findings suggest that slide electrification operates through at least two mechanisms, with the dominant charge transfer pathway shifting between ions and electron transfer depending on the electronegativity, phase, and temperature. |
| title | Mechanisms in Slide Electrification of Liquid and Frozen Drops on Hydrophobic Surfaces |
| topic | Soft Condensed Matter Chemical Physics Fluid Dynamics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.03887 |