A census of star-formation and gas mass tracers in two lensed $z \sim 4$ dusty star-forming galaxies
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Vizgan, David Vieira, Joaquin D. Spilker, Justin S. Birrer, Simon Zhang, Nan Aravena, Manuel Archipley, Melanie A. Birkin, Jack E. Cathey, Jared Chapman, Scott C. Dike, Veronica J. Gonzalez, Anthony H. Greve, Thomas R. Gururajan, Gayathri Hill, Ryley Malkan, Matthew A. Narayanan, Desika Phadke, Kedar A. Pillai, Vismaya Posses, Ana C. Solimano, Manuel Sulzenauer, Nikolaus Zhou, Dazhi |
| author_facet | Vizgan, David Vieira, Joaquin D. Spilker, Justin S. Birrer, Simon Zhang, Nan Aravena, Manuel Archipley, Melanie A. Birkin, Jack E. Cathey, Jared Chapman, Scott C. Dike, Veronica J. Gonzalez, Anthony H. Greve, Thomas R. Gururajan, Gayathri Hill, Ryley Malkan, Matthew A. Narayanan, Desika Phadke, Kedar A. Pillai, Vismaya Posses, Ana C. Solimano, Manuel Sulzenauer, Nikolaus Zhou, Dazhi |
| contents | We present new and archival Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of two strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) selected from the South Pole Telescope survey, SPT0418-47 $(z = 4.225)$ and SPT2147-50 $(z = 3.760)$. We study the [C II], CO(7-6), [C I](2-1), and, in SPT0418-47, $p$-H$_2$O emission, which along with the underlying continuum (rest-frame 160 $μ$m and 380 $μ$m) are routinely used as tracers of gas mass and/or star-formation rate (SFR). We perform a pixel-by-pixel analysis of both sources in the image plane to study the resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, finding generally good agreement between the slopes of the SFR versus gas mass surface density using the different tracers. Using lens modeling methods, we find that the dust emission is more compact than the line emission in both sources, with CO(7-6) and [C I](2-1) similar in extent and [C II] the most extended, reminiscent of recent findings of extended [C II] spatial distributions in galaxies at similar cosmic epochs. We develop the [C I](2-1) / CO(7-6) flux density ratio as an observable proxy for gas depletion timescale ($τ_{\rm dep}$), which can be applied to large samples of DSFGs, in lieu of more detailed inferences of this timescale which require analysis of observations at multiple wavelengths. Furthermore, the extended [C II] emission in both sources, compared to the total continuum and line emission, suggests that [C II], used in recent years as a molecular gas mass and SFR tracer in high-$z$ galaxies, may not always be a suitable tracer of these physical quantities. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_04133 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A census of star-formation and gas mass tracers in two lensed $z \sim 4$ dusty star-forming galaxies Vizgan, David Vieira, Joaquin D. Spilker, Justin S. Birrer, Simon Zhang, Nan Aravena, Manuel Archipley, Melanie A. Birkin, Jack E. Cathey, Jared Chapman, Scott C. Dike, Veronica J. Gonzalez, Anthony H. Greve, Thomas R. Gururajan, Gayathri Hill, Ryley Malkan, Matthew A. Narayanan, Desika Phadke, Kedar A. Pillai, Vismaya Posses, Ana C. Solimano, Manuel Sulzenauer, Nikolaus Zhou, Dazhi Astrophysics of Galaxies We present new and archival Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of two strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) selected from the South Pole Telescope survey, SPT0418-47 $(z = 4.225)$ and SPT2147-50 $(z = 3.760)$. We study the [C II], CO(7-6), [C I](2-1), and, in SPT0418-47, $p$-H$_2$O emission, which along with the underlying continuum (rest-frame 160 $μ$m and 380 $μ$m) are routinely used as tracers of gas mass and/or star-formation rate (SFR). We perform a pixel-by-pixel analysis of both sources in the image plane to study the resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, finding generally good agreement between the slopes of the SFR versus gas mass surface density using the different tracers. Using lens modeling methods, we find that the dust emission is more compact than the line emission in both sources, with CO(7-6) and [C I](2-1) similar in extent and [C II] the most extended, reminiscent of recent findings of extended [C II] spatial distributions in galaxies at similar cosmic epochs. We develop the [C I](2-1) / CO(7-6) flux density ratio as an observable proxy for gas depletion timescale ($τ_{\rm dep}$), which can be applied to large samples of DSFGs, in lieu of more detailed inferences of this timescale which require analysis of observations at multiple wavelengths. Furthermore, the extended [C II] emission in both sources, compared to the total continuum and line emission, suggests that [C II], used in recent years as a molecular gas mass and SFR tracer in high-$z$ galaxies, may not always be a suitable tracer of these physical quantities. |
| title | A census of star-formation and gas mass tracers in two lensed $z \sim 4$ dusty star-forming galaxies |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04133 |