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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04156 |
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| _version_ | 1866917213775069184 |
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| author | Coulter, David A. Larison, Conor Pierel, Justin D. R. Fujimoto, Seiji Kokorev, Vasily Allingham, Joseph F. V. Moriya, Takashi J. Siebert, Matthew Asada, Yoshihisa Bezanson, Rachel Bradač, Maruša Brammer, Gabriel Chisholm, John Coe, Dan Dayal, Pratika Engesser, Michael Finkelstein, Steven L. Fox, Ori D. Furtak, Lukas J. Koekemoer, Anton M. Moore, Thomas Nakane, Minami Ouchi, Masami Pan, Richard Quimby, Robert Rest, Armin Richard, Johan Robbins, Luke Strolger, Louis-Gregory Sun, Fengwu Treu, Tommaso Yanagisawa, Hiroto Abdurro'uf Agrawal, Aadya Amorín, Ricardo Anderson, Joseph P. Angulo, Rodrigo Atek, Hakim Bauer, Franz E. Bradley, Larry D. Bromm, Volker Bronikowski, Mateusz Conselice, Christopher J. DeCoursey, Christa DerKacy, James M. Desprez, Guillaume Dhawan, Suhail Diego, Jose M. Egami, Eiichi Faisst, Andreas Frye, Brenda Gomez, Sebastian González-Otero, Mauro Griggio, Massimo Harikane, Yuichi Inayoshi, Kohei Jha, Saurabh W. Jiménez-Teja, Yolanda Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S. Kelly, Patrick L. Kwok, Lindsey A. Lane, Zachary G. Li, Xiaolong Lobbe, Ivo Lopes, Paulo A. A. Lucas, Ray A. Magdis, Georgios E. Martis, Nicholas S. Matthee, Jorryt Meena, Ashish K. Naidu, Rohan P. Noirot, Gaël Oguri, Masamune Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Pascale, Massimo Petrushevska, Tanja Ricotti, Massimo Schaerer, Daniel Schuldt, Stefan Shahbandeh, Melissa Sheu, William Shukawa, Koji Tsujita, Akiyoshi Vanzella, Eros Wang, Qinan Weaver, John Williams, Robert Windhorst, Rogier Xu, Yi Zenati, Yossef Zitrin, Adi |
| author_facet | Coulter, David A. Larison, Conor Pierel, Justin D. R. Fujimoto, Seiji Kokorev, Vasily Allingham, Joseph F. V. Moriya, Takashi J. Siebert, Matthew Asada, Yoshihisa Bezanson, Rachel Bradač, Maruša Brammer, Gabriel Chisholm, John Coe, Dan Dayal, Pratika Engesser, Michael Finkelstein, Steven L. Fox, Ori D. Furtak, Lukas J. Koekemoer, Anton M. Moore, Thomas Nakane, Minami Ouchi, Masami Pan, Richard Quimby, Robert Rest, Armin Richard, Johan Robbins, Luke Strolger, Louis-Gregory Sun, Fengwu Treu, Tommaso Yanagisawa, Hiroto Abdurro'uf Agrawal, Aadya Amorín, Ricardo Anderson, Joseph P. Angulo, Rodrigo Atek, Hakim Bauer, Franz E. Bradley, Larry D. Bromm, Volker Bronikowski, Mateusz Conselice, Christopher J. DeCoursey, Christa DerKacy, James M. Desprez, Guillaume Dhawan, Suhail Diego, Jose M. Egami, Eiichi Faisst, Andreas Frye, Brenda Gomez, Sebastian González-Otero, Mauro Griggio, Massimo Harikane, Yuichi Inayoshi, Kohei Jha, Saurabh W. Jiménez-Teja, Yolanda Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S. Kelly, Patrick L. Kwok, Lindsey A. Lane, Zachary G. Li, Xiaolong Lobbe, Ivo Lopes, Paulo A. A. Lucas, Ray A. Magdis, Georgios E. Martis, Nicholas S. Matthee, Jorryt Meena, Ashish K. Naidu, Rohan P. Noirot, Gaël Oguri, Masamune Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Pascale, Massimo Petrushevska, Tanja Ricotti, Massimo Schaerer, Daniel Schuldt, Stefan Shahbandeh, Melissa Sheu, William Shukawa, Koji Tsujita, Akiyoshi Vanzella, Eros Wang, Qinan Weaver, John Williams, Robert Windhorst, Rogier Xu, Yi Zenati, Yossef Zitrin, Adi |
| contents | Observing supernovae (SNe) in the early Universe (z > 3) provides a window into how both galaxies and individual stars have evolved over cosmic time, yet a detailed study of high-redshift stars and SNe has remained difficult due to their extreme distances and cosmological redshifting. To overcome the former, searches for gravitationally lensed sources allow for the discovery of magnified SNe that appear as multiple images - further providing the opportunity for efficient follow-up. Here we present the discovery of "SN Eos": a strongly lensed, multiply-imaged, SN II at a spectroscopic redshift of z = 5.133 +/- 0.001. SN Eos exploded in a Lyman-α emitting galaxy when the Universe was only ~1 billion years old, shortly after it reionized and became transparent to ultraviolet radiation. A year prior to our discovery in JWST data, archival HST imaging of SN Eos reveals rest-frame far ultraviolet (~1,300Å) emission, indicative of shock breakout or interaction with circumstellar material in the first few (rest-frame) days after explosion. The JWST spectroscopy of SN Eos, now the farthest spectroscopically confirmed SN ever discovered, shows that SN Eos's progenitor star likely formed in a metal-poor environment (<= 0.1 Z_{\odot}), providing the first direct evidence of massive star formation in the metal-poor, early Universe. SN Eos would not have been detectable without the extreme lensing magnification of the system, highlighting the potential of such discoveries to eventually place constraints on the faint end of the cosmic star-formation rate density in the very early Universe. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_04156 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A spectroscopically confirmed, strongly lensed, metal-poor Type II supernova at z = 5.13 Coulter, David A. Larison, Conor Pierel, Justin D. R. Fujimoto, Seiji Kokorev, Vasily Allingham, Joseph F. V. Moriya, Takashi J. Siebert, Matthew Asada, Yoshihisa Bezanson, Rachel Bradač, Maruša Brammer, Gabriel Chisholm, John Coe, Dan Dayal, Pratika Engesser, Michael Finkelstein, Steven L. Fox, Ori D. Furtak, Lukas J. Koekemoer, Anton M. Moore, Thomas Nakane, Minami Ouchi, Masami Pan, Richard Quimby, Robert Rest, Armin Richard, Johan Robbins, Luke Strolger, Louis-Gregory Sun, Fengwu Treu, Tommaso Yanagisawa, Hiroto Abdurro'uf Agrawal, Aadya Amorín, Ricardo Anderson, Joseph P. Angulo, Rodrigo Atek, Hakim Bauer, Franz E. Bradley, Larry D. Bromm, Volker Bronikowski, Mateusz Conselice, Christopher J. DeCoursey, Christa DerKacy, James M. Desprez, Guillaume Dhawan, Suhail Diego, Jose M. Egami, Eiichi Faisst, Andreas Frye, Brenda Gomez, Sebastian González-Otero, Mauro Griggio, Massimo Harikane, Yuichi Inayoshi, Kohei Jha, Saurabh W. Jiménez-Teja, Yolanda Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S. Kelly, Patrick L. Kwok, Lindsey A. Lane, Zachary G. Li, Xiaolong Lobbe, Ivo Lopes, Paulo A. A. Lucas, Ray A. Magdis, Georgios E. Martis, Nicholas S. Matthee, Jorryt Meena, Ashish K. Naidu, Rohan P. Noirot, Gaël Oguri, Masamune Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Pascale, Massimo Petrushevska, Tanja Ricotti, Massimo Schaerer, Daniel Schuldt, Stefan Shahbandeh, Melissa Sheu, William Shukawa, Koji Tsujita, Akiyoshi Vanzella, Eros Wang, Qinan Weaver, John Williams, Robert Windhorst, Rogier Xu, Yi Zenati, Yossef Zitrin, Adi High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies Observing supernovae (SNe) in the early Universe (z > 3) provides a window into how both galaxies and individual stars have evolved over cosmic time, yet a detailed study of high-redshift stars and SNe has remained difficult due to their extreme distances and cosmological redshifting. To overcome the former, searches for gravitationally lensed sources allow for the discovery of magnified SNe that appear as multiple images - further providing the opportunity for efficient follow-up. Here we present the discovery of "SN Eos": a strongly lensed, multiply-imaged, SN II at a spectroscopic redshift of z = 5.133 +/- 0.001. SN Eos exploded in a Lyman-α emitting galaxy when the Universe was only ~1 billion years old, shortly after it reionized and became transparent to ultraviolet radiation. A year prior to our discovery in JWST data, archival HST imaging of SN Eos reveals rest-frame far ultraviolet (~1,300Å) emission, indicative of shock breakout or interaction with circumstellar material in the first few (rest-frame) days after explosion. The JWST spectroscopy of SN Eos, now the farthest spectroscopically confirmed SN ever discovered, shows that SN Eos's progenitor star likely formed in a metal-poor environment (<= 0.1 Z_{\odot}), providing the first direct evidence of massive star formation in the metal-poor, early Universe. SN Eos would not have been detectable without the extreme lensing magnification of the system, highlighting the potential of such discoveries to eventually place constraints on the faint end of the cosmic star-formation rate density in the very early Universe. |
| title | A spectroscopically confirmed, strongly lensed, metal-poor Type II supernova at z = 5.13 |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04156 |