Scaling Behavior Cloning Improves Causal Reasoning: An Open Model for Real-Time Video Game Playing
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866912856991072256 |
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| author | Yue, Yuguang Salia, Irakli Hunt, Samuel Green, Chris Shi, Wenzhe Hunt, Jonathan J |
| author_facet | Yue, Yuguang Salia, Irakli Hunt, Samuel Green, Chris Shi, Wenzhe Hunt, Jonathan J |
| contents | Behavior cloning has seen a resurgence as scaling model and data sizes demonstrate strong performance. In this work, we introduce an open recipe for training a video game playing foundation model designed for inference in realtime on a consumer GPU. We release all data (8300+ hours of high quality human gameplay), training and inference code, and pretrained checkpoints under an open license. Empirically, we show that our best model achieves performance competitive with human players across a variety of 3D games. We use this recipe to investigate the scaling laws of behavior cloning, with a focus on causal reasoning. In a controlled toy setting, we first demonstrate that increasing training data and network depth leads to the model learning a more causal policy. We then validate these findings at scale, analyzing models up to 1.2 billion parameters. We observe that the causal improvements seen in the toy domain hold true as model size and training steps increase. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_04575 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Scaling Behavior Cloning Improves Causal Reasoning: An Open Model for Real-Time Video Game Playing Yue, Yuguang Salia, Irakli Hunt, Samuel Green, Chris Shi, Wenzhe Hunt, Jonathan J Artificial Intelligence Behavior cloning has seen a resurgence as scaling model and data sizes demonstrate strong performance. In this work, we introduce an open recipe for training a video game playing foundation model designed for inference in realtime on a consumer GPU. We release all data (8300+ hours of high quality human gameplay), training and inference code, and pretrained checkpoints under an open license. Empirically, we show that our best model achieves performance competitive with human players across a variety of 3D games. We use this recipe to investigate the scaling laws of behavior cloning, with a focus on causal reasoning. In a controlled toy setting, we first demonstrate that increasing training data and network depth leads to the model learning a more causal policy. We then validate these findings at scale, analyzing models up to 1.2 billion parameters. We observe that the causal improvements seen in the toy domain hold true as model size and training steps increase. |
| title | Scaling Behavior Cloning Improves Causal Reasoning: An Open Model for Real-Time Video Game Playing |
| topic | Artificial Intelligence |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04575 |