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Main Authors: Sawada, Takito, Iwata, Akinori, Okuda, Masahiro
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05599
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author Sawada, Takito
Iwata, Akinori
Okuda, Masahiro
author_facet Sawada, Takito
Iwata, Akinori
Okuda, Masahiro
contents Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) exhibit a well-known texture bias, prioritizing local patterns over global shapes - a tendency inherent to their convolutional architecture. While this bias is beneficial for texture-rich natural images, it often degrades performance on shape-dominant data such as illustrations and sketches. Although prior work has proposed shape-biased models to mitigate this issue, these approaches lack a quantitative metric for identifying which datasets would actually benefit from such modifications. To address this limitation, we propose a data-driven metric that quantifies the shape-texture balance within a dataset by computing the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) between an image's luminance (Y) channel and its L0-smoothed counterpart. Building on this metric, we introduce a computationally efficient adaptation method that promotes shape bias by modifying the dilation of max-pooling operations while keeping convolutional weights frozen. Experimental results demonstrate consistent accuracy improvements on shape-dominant datasets, particularly in low-data regimes where full fine-tuning is impractical, requiring training only the final classification layer.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_05599
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Quantifying and Inducing Shape Bias in CNNs via Max-Pool Dilation
Sawada, Takito
Iwata, Akinori
Okuda, Masahiro
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Machine Learning
I.2.10; I.4.7
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) exhibit a well-known texture bias, prioritizing local patterns over global shapes - a tendency inherent to their convolutional architecture. While this bias is beneficial for texture-rich natural images, it often degrades performance on shape-dominant data such as illustrations and sketches. Although prior work has proposed shape-biased models to mitigate this issue, these approaches lack a quantitative metric for identifying which datasets would actually benefit from such modifications. To address this limitation, we propose a data-driven metric that quantifies the shape-texture balance within a dataset by computing the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) between an image's luminance (Y) channel and its L0-smoothed counterpart. Building on this metric, we introduce a computationally efficient adaptation method that promotes shape bias by modifying the dilation of max-pooling operations while keeping convolutional weights frozen. Experimental results demonstrate consistent accuracy improvements on shape-dominant datasets, particularly in low-data regimes where full fine-tuning is impractical, requiring training only the final classification layer.
title Quantifying and Inducing Shape Bias in CNNs via Max-Pool Dilation
topic Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Machine Learning
I.2.10; I.4.7
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05599