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Main Authors: Roser, Jorge, Vo, Hong Phuc, Kantorek, Rebecca, Seeger, Steven, Rafecas, Magdalena
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05717
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author Roser, Jorge
Vo, Hong Phuc
Kantorek, Rebecca
Seeger, Steven
Rafecas, Magdalena
author_facet Roser, Jorge
Vo, Hong Phuc
Kantorek, Rebecca
Seeger, Steven
Rafecas, Magdalena
contents Inter-crystal scattering (ICS) in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is commonly regarded as a degradation effect that might compromise the image spatial resolution. In parallel, the inclusion of ICS events has also been recognized as a potential approach to increase PET sensitivity, which could be especially beneficial in scenarios where the latter is a limiting factor, such as very small animal imaging. Several methods for the recovery of ICS events have been proposed, many of which aim to locate the first interaction, i.e., the Compton scattering site, usually limited by their success rate, computational burden or data and training dependency. Conversely, this work proposes a physics-based model for ICS events, leading to analytical expressions of the sensitivity image and the system matrix (required by statistical reconstruction algorithms), without the need to identify the original line of response. After validating the model, the work shows how ICS events can be integrated into a joint image reconstruction algorithm (based on list-mode MLEM) together with conventional PET events, for which dedicated analytical models are also developed. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, Monte-Carlo simulated and experimental data of an image quality phantom were obtained with the MERMAID small-fish PET scanner prototype. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that, while slightly decreasing the recovery coefficient values, the inclusion of ICS clearly reduces statistical noise and improves uniformity.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_05717
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Inclusion of Inter-crystal Scattering in PET: Analytical Models and Dedicated Reconstruction
Roser, Jorge
Vo, Hong Phuc
Kantorek, Rebecca
Seeger, Steven
Rafecas, Magdalena
Medical Physics
Inter-crystal scattering (ICS) in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is commonly regarded as a degradation effect that might compromise the image spatial resolution. In parallel, the inclusion of ICS events has also been recognized as a potential approach to increase PET sensitivity, which could be especially beneficial in scenarios where the latter is a limiting factor, such as very small animal imaging. Several methods for the recovery of ICS events have been proposed, many of which aim to locate the first interaction, i.e., the Compton scattering site, usually limited by their success rate, computational burden or data and training dependency. Conversely, this work proposes a physics-based model for ICS events, leading to analytical expressions of the sensitivity image and the system matrix (required by statistical reconstruction algorithms), without the need to identify the original line of response. After validating the model, the work shows how ICS events can be integrated into a joint image reconstruction algorithm (based on list-mode MLEM) together with conventional PET events, for which dedicated analytical models are also developed. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, Monte-Carlo simulated and experimental data of an image quality phantom were obtained with the MERMAID small-fish PET scanner prototype. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that, while slightly decreasing the recovery coefficient values, the inclusion of ICS clearly reduces statistical noise and improves uniformity.
title Inclusion of Inter-crystal Scattering in PET: Analytical Models and Dedicated Reconstruction
topic Medical Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05717