A Phenomenological Study of the Accretion Disk in the Super-Eddington AGN I Zw 1
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866909985802289152 |
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| author | Drewes, Farin Vieliute, Roberta Santisteban, Juan V. Hernández Horne, Keith Barth, Aaron J. Cackett, Edward M. Colmenero, Encarni Romero Goad, Michael R. Kaspi, Shai Landt, Hermine Lira, Paulina Netzer, Hagai Vestergaard, Marianne Winkler, Hartmut |
| author_facet | Drewes, Farin Vieliute, Roberta Santisteban, Juan V. Hernández Horne, Keith Barth, Aaron J. Cackett, Edward M. Colmenero, Encarni Romero Goad, Michael R. Kaspi, Shai Landt, Hermine Lira, Paulina Netzer, Hagai Vestergaard, Marianne Winkler, Hartmut |
| contents | The structure of the accretion disk in AGN is still an unsolved question, especially how it may change with Eddington ratio. Here we examine the accretion disk in the super-Eddington AGN I Zw 1 using reverberation mapping of the optical continuum. We use three years of optical monitoring with Las Cumbres Observatory at sub-day cadence in $uBgVriz_s$. The lag-wavelength spectrum, calculated using the cross correlation method and PyROA, shows a $u$-band excess. PyROA lags are equally well fitted with a thin and slim disk profile. The UV/optical AGN spectral energy distribution is consistent with a thin disk. The disk size at 4495 Å for a thin disk model is $4.23\pm0.24\:\mathrm{ld}$ and for a slim disk model is $1.71\pm0.09\:\mathrm{ld}$, larger by a factor of $2-4$ than the fiducial disk size of $1.07\pm0.15\:\mathrm{ld}$ as determined using the Eddington ratio. We find evidence of different size scales probed with different variability timescales. Lags evaluated at longer variability timescales increase as do frequency-resolved lags at low frequencies, which we interpret as an additional secondary reprocessor at large radii consistent with the broad-line region (BLR) in I Zw 1. The high frequency lags, predicted well with just a disk, are fit with a thin disk profile and a size of $0.61\pm0.37\:\mathrm{ld}$. This indicates that the actual disk size may be on the order of the fiducial size. We also collate the most extensive set of directly measured internal sizes of an AGN, from optical to mid-infrared with reverberation mapping and optical interferometry. Assuming that the disk is indeed the fiducial size, these show little evidence that the accretion disk extends into the BLR significantly, tentatively disfavouring the failed radiatively accelerated dust driven outflow BLR formation model. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_05818 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A Phenomenological Study of the Accretion Disk in the Super-Eddington AGN I Zw 1 Drewes, Farin Vieliute, Roberta Santisteban, Juan V. Hernández Horne, Keith Barth, Aaron J. Cackett, Edward M. Colmenero, Encarni Romero Goad, Michael R. Kaspi, Shai Landt, Hermine Lira, Paulina Netzer, Hagai Vestergaard, Marianne Winkler, Hartmut Astrophysics of Galaxies The structure of the accretion disk in AGN is still an unsolved question, especially how it may change with Eddington ratio. Here we examine the accretion disk in the super-Eddington AGN I Zw 1 using reverberation mapping of the optical continuum. We use three years of optical monitoring with Las Cumbres Observatory at sub-day cadence in $uBgVriz_s$. The lag-wavelength spectrum, calculated using the cross correlation method and PyROA, shows a $u$-band excess. PyROA lags are equally well fitted with a thin and slim disk profile. The UV/optical AGN spectral energy distribution is consistent with a thin disk. The disk size at 4495 Å for a thin disk model is $4.23\pm0.24\:\mathrm{ld}$ and for a slim disk model is $1.71\pm0.09\:\mathrm{ld}$, larger by a factor of $2-4$ than the fiducial disk size of $1.07\pm0.15\:\mathrm{ld}$ as determined using the Eddington ratio. We find evidence of different size scales probed with different variability timescales. Lags evaluated at longer variability timescales increase as do frequency-resolved lags at low frequencies, which we interpret as an additional secondary reprocessor at large radii consistent with the broad-line region (BLR) in I Zw 1. The high frequency lags, predicted well with just a disk, are fit with a thin disk profile and a size of $0.61\pm0.37\:\mathrm{ld}$. This indicates that the actual disk size may be on the order of the fiducial size. We also collate the most extensive set of directly measured internal sizes of an AGN, from optical to mid-infrared with reverberation mapping and optical interferometry. Assuming that the disk is indeed the fiducial size, these show little evidence that the accretion disk extends into the BLR significantly, tentatively disfavouring the failed radiatively accelerated dust driven outflow BLR formation model. |
| title | A Phenomenological Study of the Accretion Disk in the Super-Eddington AGN I Zw 1 |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05818 |