Topological origin of peak splitting in the structure factor of liquid water

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Beaulieu, Zoé Faure, Deringer, Volker L., Martelli, Fausto
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2026
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author Beaulieu, Zoé Faure
Deringer, Volker L.
Martelli, Fausto
author_facet Beaulieu, Zoé Faure
Deringer, Volker L.
Martelli, Fausto
contents The splitting of the principal peak in the structure factor of liquid water is commonly interpreted as evidence of a competition between two distinct local environments. Here, we show that this peak splitting arises from medium-range topological features of the hydrogen-bond network. Using atomistic simulations, we systematically decompose the structure factor into contributions from hydrogen-bonded rings of different sizes. We find that 5-8-membered rings, which dominate the network topology of liquid water at low temperatures, can directly explain the experimentally observed bimodal scattering signal. Among these, 5-membered rings are particularly persistent, maintaining distinct structural signatures even above room temperature. Our findings establish a direct link between the network topology of liquid water and experimentally accessible diffraction features, clarifying the microscopic basis of water's behaviour and suggesting a broader conceptual framework for interpreting the anomalies in tetrahedral network liquids and glasses.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_05891
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Topological origin of peak splitting in the structure factor of liquid water
Beaulieu, Zoé Faure
Deringer, Volker L.
Martelli, Fausto
Soft Condensed Matter
Chemical Physics
The splitting of the principal peak in the structure factor of liquid water is commonly interpreted as evidence of a competition between two distinct local environments. Here, we show that this peak splitting arises from medium-range topological features of the hydrogen-bond network. Using atomistic simulations, we systematically decompose the structure factor into contributions from hydrogen-bonded rings of different sizes. We find that 5-8-membered rings, which dominate the network topology of liquid water at low temperatures, can directly explain the experimentally observed bimodal scattering signal. Among these, 5-membered rings are particularly persistent, maintaining distinct structural signatures even above room temperature. Our findings establish a direct link between the network topology of liquid water and experimentally accessible diffraction features, clarifying the microscopic basis of water's behaviour and suggesting a broader conceptual framework for interpreting the anomalies in tetrahedral network liquids and glasses.
title Topological origin of peak splitting in the structure factor of liquid water
topic Soft Condensed Matter
Chemical Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05891