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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Foo, Linus Tze En, Ng, Weihan Angela, Li, Wenkai, Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2026
Subjects:	Computation and Language
Online Access:	https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.06580
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Limpeh ga li gong: Challenges in Singlish Annotations
by: Chan, Luo Qi, et al.
Published: (2024)

Measuring Fine-Grained Negotiation Tactics of Humans and LLMs in Diplomacy
by: Li, Wenkai, et al.
Published: (2025)

Prompting and Fine-Tuning Open-Sourced Large Language Models for Stance Classification
by: Cruickshank, Iain J., et al.
Published: (2023)

What talking you?: Translating Code-Mixed Messaging Texts to English
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2024)

Humanizing Machines: Rethinking LLM Anthropomorphism Through a Multi-Level Framework of Design
by: Xiao, Yunze, et al.
Published: (2025)

Examining the Influence of Political Bias on Large Language Model Performance in Stance Classification
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2024)

DIVERSE: A Dataset of YouTube Video Comment Stances with a Data Programming Model
by: Cruickshank, Iain J., et al.
Published: (2024)

Who Speaks Matters: Analysing the Influence of the Speaker's Ethnicity on Hate Classification
by: Malik, Ananya, et al.
Published: (2024)

Simulating Misinformation Vulnerabilities With Agent Personas
by: Farr, David, et al.
Published: (2025)

Safe at the Margins: A General Approach to Safety Alignment in Low-Resource English Languages -- A Singlish Case Study
by: Lim, Isaac, et al.
Published: (2025)

The Dual Personas of Social Media Bots
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2025)

BotSim: Mitigating The Formation Of Conspiratorial Societies with Useful Bots
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2026)

What is a Social Media Bot? A Global Comparison of Bot and Human Characteristics
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2025)

Temporal Narrative Monitoring in Dynamic Information Environments
by: Farr, David, et al.
Published: (2026)

Confidence Elicitation: A New Attack Vector for Large Language Models
by: Formento, Brian, et al.
Published: (2025)

Are LLM-Powered Social Media Bots Realistic?
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2025)

The Architects of Narrative Evolution: Actor Interventions Across the SAGES Framework in Information Campaigns
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2026)

Swa Bhasha: Message-Based Singlish to Sinhala Transliteration
by: Athukorala, Maneesha U., et al.
Published: (2024)

An Exploratory Analysis of COVID Bot vs Human Disinformation Dissemination stemming from the Disinformation Dozen on Telegram
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2024)

Simulation of Stance Perturbations
by: Carragher, Peter, et al.
Published: (2023)

MERaLiON-TextLLM: Cross-Lingual Understanding of Large Language Models in Chinese, Indonesian, Malay, and Singlish
by: Huang, Xin, et al.
Published: (2024)

Star Network Motifs on X during COVID-19
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2025)

Less is More: The Effectiveness of Compact Typological Language Representations
by: Ng, York Hay, et al.
Published: (2025)

Trends of Pink Slime Journalism Advertisement Expenditure and Spread on Facebook from 2019-2024
by: Lepird, Christine Sowa, et al.
Published: (2025)

Blended Bots: Infiltration through Identity Deception on Social Media
by: Phillips, Samantha C., et al.
Published: (2024)

Detecting Stylistic Fingerprints of Large Language Models
by: Bitton, Yehonatan, et al.
Published: (2025)

Toxicity-Aware Few-Shot Prompting for Low-Resource Singlish Translation
by: Ge, Ziyu, et al.
Published: (2025)

Assembling a Multi-Platform Ensemble Social Bot Detector with Applications to US 2020 Elections
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2024)

Social Cyber Geographical Worldwide Inventory of Bots
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2025)

Deflating the Chinese Balloon: Types of Twitter Bots in US-China balloon incident
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2024)

Challenges for Real-Time Toxicity Detection in Online Games
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2024)

AuraSight: Generating Realistic Social Media Data
by: Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, et al.
Published: (2025)

Can Social Media Platforms Transcend Political Labels? An Analysis of Neutral Conservations on Truth Social
by: Shah, Chaitya, et al.
Published: (2024)

Advancing Singlish Understanding: Bridging the Gap with Datasets and Multimodal Models
by: Wang, Bin, et al.
Published: (2025)

Navigating Decentralized Online Social Networks: An Overview of Technical and Societal Challenges in Architectural Choices
by: Jeong, Ujun, et al.
Published: (2025)

Educational Personalized Learning Path Planning with Large Language Models
by: Ng, Chee, et al.
Published: (2024)

StyleDecipher: Robust and Explainable Detection of LLM-Generated Texts with Stylistic Analysis
by: Li, Siyuan, et al.
Published: (2025)

Leveraging Open-Source Large Language Models for Native Language Identification
by: Ng, Yee Man, et al.
Published: (2024)

Lightweight Stylistic Consistency Profiling: Robust Detection of LLM-Generated Textual Content for Multimedia Moderation
by: Li, Siyuan, et al.
Published: (2026)

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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