Brightest GRB flare observed in GRB 221009A: bridge the last gap between flare and prompt emission in GRB
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Yu, Zheng-Hang Wang, Chen-Wei Xiong, Shao-Lin Yi, Shuang-Xi Zhang, Wen-Long Tan, Wen-Jun Zhang, Yan-Qiu Zheng, Chao Guo, Hao-Xuan Liu, Jia-Cong Ren, Yang-Zhao Wang, Yue Xie, Sheng-Lun Xue, Wang-Chen Zhang, Jin-Peng Zhang, Peng An, Zheng-Hua Cai, Ce Feng, Pei-Yi Gao, Min Gong, Ke Guo, Dongya Huang, Yue Li, Bing Li, Cheng-Kui Li, Xiao-Bo Li, Xin-Qiao Liu, Ya-Qing Liu, Xiao-Jing Ma, Xiang Peng, Wenxi Qiao, Rui Song, Li-Ming Wang, Jin Wang, Jin-Zhou Wang, Ping Wen, Xiang-Yang Xiao, Shuo Yang, Sheng Yi, Shu-Xu Yi, Qi-Bin Zhang, Da-Li Zhang, Fan Zhang, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Yan-Ting Zhang, Zhen Zhao, Xiao-Yun Zhao, Yi Zheng, Shi-Jie |
| author_facet | Yu, Zheng-Hang Wang, Chen-Wei Xiong, Shao-Lin Yi, Shuang-Xi Zhang, Wen-Long Tan, Wen-Jun Zhang, Yan-Qiu Zheng, Chao Guo, Hao-Xuan Liu, Jia-Cong Ren, Yang-Zhao Wang, Yue Xie, Sheng-Lun Xue, Wang-Chen Zhang, Jin-Peng Zhang, Peng An, Zheng-Hua Cai, Ce Feng, Pei-Yi Gao, Min Gong, Ke Guo, Dongya Huang, Yue Li, Bing Li, Cheng-Kui Li, Xiao-Bo Li, Xin-Qiao Liu, Ya-Qing Liu, Xiao-Jing Ma, Xiang Peng, Wenxi Qiao, Rui Song, Li-Ming Wang, Jin Wang, Jin-Zhou Wang, Ping Wen, Xiang-Yang Xiao, Shuo Yang, Sheng Yi, Shu-Xu Yi, Qi-Bin Zhang, Da-Li Zhang, Fan Zhang, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Yan-Ting Zhang, Zhen Zhao, Xiao-Yun Zhao, Yi Zheng, Shi-Jie |
| contents | Flares are usually observed during the afterglow phase of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) in soft X-ray, optical and radio bands, but rarely in gamma-ray band. Despite the extraordinary brightness, GECAM-C has accurately measured both the bright prompt emission and flare emission of GRB 221009A without instrumental effects, offering a good opportunity to study the relation between them. In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of flare emission of GRB 221009A, which is composed of a series of flares. Among them, we identify an exceptionally bright flare with a record-breaking isotropic energy $E_{\rm iso} = 1.82 \times 10^{53}$ erg of GRB flares. It exhibits the highest peak energy ever detected in GRB flares, $E_{\rm peak} \sim 300$ keV, making it a genuine gamma-ray flare. It also shows rapid rise and decay timescales, significantly shorter than those of typical X-ray flares observed in soft X-ray or optical band, but comparable to those observed in prompt emissions. Despite these exceptional properties, the flare shares several common properties with typical GRB flares. We note that this is the first observation of a GRB flare in the keV-MeV band with sufficiently high temporal resolution and high statistics, which bridges the last gap between prompt emission and flare. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_07688 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Brightest GRB flare observed in GRB 221009A: bridge the last gap between flare and prompt emission in GRB Yu, Zheng-Hang Wang, Chen-Wei Xiong, Shao-Lin Yi, Shuang-Xi Zhang, Wen-Long Tan, Wen-Jun Zhang, Yan-Qiu Zheng, Chao Guo, Hao-Xuan Liu, Jia-Cong Ren, Yang-Zhao Wang, Yue Xie, Sheng-Lun Xue, Wang-Chen Zhang, Jin-Peng Zhang, Peng An, Zheng-Hua Cai, Ce Feng, Pei-Yi Gao, Min Gong, Ke Guo, Dongya Huang, Yue Li, Bing Li, Cheng-Kui Li, Xiao-Bo Li, Xin-Qiao Liu, Ya-Qing Liu, Xiao-Jing Ma, Xiang Peng, Wenxi Qiao, Rui Song, Li-Ming Wang, Jin Wang, Jin-Zhou Wang, Ping Wen, Xiang-Yang Xiao, Shuo Yang, Sheng Yi, Shu-Xu Yi, Qi-Bin Zhang, Da-Li Zhang, Fan Zhang, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Yan-Ting Zhang, Zhen Zhao, Xiao-Yun Zhao, Yi Zheng, Shi-Jie High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Flares are usually observed during the afterglow phase of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) in soft X-ray, optical and radio bands, but rarely in gamma-ray band. Despite the extraordinary brightness, GECAM-C has accurately measured both the bright prompt emission and flare emission of GRB 221009A without instrumental effects, offering a good opportunity to study the relation between them. In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of flare emission of GRB 221009A, which is composed of a series of flares. Among them, we identify an exceptionally bright flare with a record-breaking isotropic energy $E_{\rm iso} = 1.82 \times 10^{53}$ erg of GRB flares. It exhibits the highest peak energy ever detected in GRB flares, $E_{\rm peak} \sim 300$ keV, making it a genuine gamma-ray flare. It also shows rapid rise and decay timescales, significantly shorter than those of typical X-ray flares observed in soft X-ray or optical band, but comparable to those observed in prompt emissions. Despite these exceptional properties, the flare shares several common properties with typical GRB flares. We note that this is the first observation of a GRB flare in the keV-MeV band with sufficiently high temporal resolution and high statistics, which bridges the last gap between prompt emission and flare. |
| title | Brightest GRB flare observed in GRB 221009A: bridge the last gap between flare and prompt emission in GRB |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.07688 |