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Main Authors: Zhang, Ying, Ji, Lijun
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.09132
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author Zhang, Ying
Ji, Lijun
author_facet Zhang, Ying
Ji, Lijun
contents A quantum Latin square of order $n$ (denoted as QLS$(n)$) is an $n\times n$ array whose entries are unit column vectors from the $n$-dimensional Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_n$, such that each row and column forms an orthonormal basis. Two unit vectors $|u\rangle, |v\rangle\in \mathcal{H}_n$ are regarded as identical if there exists a real number $θ$ such that $|u\rangle=e^{iθ}|v\rangle$; otherwise, they are considered distinct. The cardinality $c$ of a QLS$(n)$ is the number of distinct vectors in the array. In this note,we use sub-QLS$(6)$ to prove that for any integer $m\geq 2$ and any $c\in [6m,36m^2]\setminus \{6m+1\}$, there is a QLS$(6m)$ with cardinality $c$.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_09132
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Quantum Latin squares of order $6m$ with all possible cardinalities
Zhang, Ying
Ji, Lijun
Quantum Physics
Combinatorics
A quantum Latin square of order $n$ (denoted as QLS$(n)$) is an $n\times n$ array whose entries are unit column vectors from the $n$-dimensional Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_n$, such that each row and column forms an orthonormal basis. Two unit vectors $|u\rangle, |v\rangle\in \mathcal{H}_n$ are regarded as identical if there exists a real number $θ$ such that $|u\rangle=e^{iθ}|v\rangle$; otherwise, they are considered distinct. The cardinality $c$ of a QLS$(n)$ is the number of distinct vectors in the array. In this note,we use sub-QLS$(6)$ to prove that for any integer $m\geq 2$ and any $c\in [6m,36m^2]\setminus \{6m+1\}$, there is a QLS$(6m)$ with cardinality $c$.
title Quantum Latin squares of order $6m$ with all possible cardinalities
topic Quantum Physics
Combinatorics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.09132