From Ecological Connectivity to Outbreak Risk: A Heterogeneous Graph Network for Epidemiological Reasoning under Sparse Spatiotemporal Data
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arXiv
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| Auteurs principaux: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Publié: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866918289851023360 |
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| author | Stone, Haley Du, Jing Yang, Yang Desai, Ashna Dawson, Rebecca Xue, Hao Heslop, David Scotch, Matthew Züfle, Andreas MacIntyre, C. Raina Salim, Flora |
| author_facet | Stone, Haley Du, Jing Yang, Yang Desai, Ashna Dawson, Rebecca Xue, Hao Heslop, David Scotch, Matthew Züfle, Andreas MacIntyre, C. Raina Salim, Flora |
| contents | Estimating population-level prevalence and transmission dynamics of wildlife pathogens can be challenging, partly because surveillance data is sparse, detection-driven, and unevenly sequenced. Using highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5 clade 2.3.4.4b as a case study, we develop zooNet, a graph-based epidemiological framework that integrates mechanistic transmission simulation, metadata-driven genetic distance imputation, and spatiotemporal graph learning to reconstruct outbreak dynamics from incomplete observations. Applied to wild bird surveillance data from the United States during 2022, zooNet recovered coherent spatiotemporal structure despite intermittent detections, revealing sustained regional circulation across multiple migratory flyways. The framework consistently identified counties with ongoing transmission weeks to months before confirmed detections, including persistent activity in northeastern regions prior to documented re-emergence. These signals were detectable even in areas with sparse sequencing and irregular reporting. These results show that explicitly representing ecological processes and inferred genomic connectivity within a unified graph structure allows persistence and spatial risk structure to be inferred from detection-driven wildlife surveillance data. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_09738 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | From Ecological Connectivity to Outbreak Risk: A Heterogeneous Graph Network for Epidemiological Reasoning under Sparse Spatiotemporal Data Stone, Haley Du, Jing Yang, Yang Desai, Ashna Dawson, Rebecca Xue, Hao Heslop, David Scotch, Matthew Züfle, Andreas MacIntyre, C. Raina Salim, Flora Populations and Evolution Social and Information Networks Estimating population-level prevalence and transmission dynamics of wildlife pathogens can be challenging, partly because surveillance data is sparse, detection-driven, and unevenly sequenced. Using highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5 clade 2.3.4.4b as a case study, we develop zooNet, a graph-based epidemiological framework that integrates mechanistic transmission simulation, metadata-driven genetic distance imputation, and spatiotemporal graph learning to reconstruct outbreak dynamics from incomplete observations. Applied to wild bird surveillance data from the United States during 2022, zooNet recovered coherent spatiotemporal structure despite intermittent detections, revealing sustained regional circulation across multiple migratory flyways. The framework consistently identified counties with ongoing transmission weeks to months before confirmed detections, including persistent activity in northeastern regions prior to documented re-emergence. These signals were detectable even in areas with sparse sequencing and irregular reporting. These results show that explicitly representing ecological processes and inferred genomic connectivity within a unified graph structure allows persistence and spatial risk structure to be inferred from detection-driven wildlife surveillance data. |
| title | From Ecological Connectivity to Outbreak Risk: A Heterogeneous Graph Network for Epidemiological Reasoning under Sparse Spatiotemporal Data |
| topic | Populations and Evolution Social and Information Networks |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.09738 |