Elliptic flow of charm quarks produced in the early stage of pA collisions

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Main Authors: Parisi, Gabriele, Murgana, Fabrizio, Greco, Vincenzo, Ruggieri, Marco
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Parisi, Gabriele
Murgana, Fabrizio
Greco, Vincenzo
Ruggieri, Marco
author_facet Parisi, Gabriele
Murgana, Fabrizio
Greco, Vincenzo
Ruggieri, Marco
contents We investigate the build-up of elliptic flow of charm quarks produced in the early pre-equilibrium stage of high-energy proton--nucleus collisions. The initial stage is modeled within the Color Glass Condensate framework as an evolving glasma, initialized through the McLerran--Venugopalan model. Subnucleonic fluctuations have been implemented as constituent-quark hotspots for both the proton and the nuclear participants. Charm quarks are propagated in the evolving non-Abelian background by solving the relativistic Wong equations for their coordinates, momenta, and color charges. First, we compute the nuclear modification factor of charm quarks, finding a slight migration towards higher $p_T$ states in agreement with previous results in the literature. Then, we focus on the azimuthal anisotropies acquired through the interaction with glasma fields. We find that glasma-induced momentum anisotropies are efficiently transmitted to heavy quarks within $τ\sim 0.4~\mathrm{fm/c}$, leading to a sizeable charm-quark $v_2$, with a magnitude that increases with the strength of the initial fields and with the number of nuclear participants. Remarkably, we show that the early-stage contribution alone can account for a significant fraction of the experimentally observed $J/ψ$ elliptic flow in p-Pb collisions, indicating that pre-hydrodynamic dynamics can play a non-negligible role in the final-state heavy-flavor collectivity, especially in small systems.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_11123
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Elliptic flow of charm quarks produced in the early stage of pA collisions
Parisi, Gabriele
Murgana, Fabrizio
Greco, Vincenzo
Ruggieri, Marco
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Nuclear Theory
We investigate the build-up of elliptic flow of charm quarks produced in the early pre-equilibrium stage of high-energy proton--nucleus collisions. The initial stage is modeled within the Color Glass Condensate framework as an evolving glasma, initialized through the McLerran--Venugopalan model. Subnucleonic fluctuations have been implemented as constituent-quark hotspots for both the proton and the nuclear participants. Charm quarks are propagated in the evolving non-Abelian background by solving the relativistic Wong equations for their coordinates, momenta, and color charges. First, we compute the nuclear modification factor of charm quarks, finding a slight migration towards higher $p_T$ states in agreement with previous results in the literature. Then, we focus on the azimuthal anisotropies acquired through the interaction with glasma fields. We find that glasma-induced momentum anisotropies are efficiently transmitted to heavy quarks within $τ\sim 0.4~\mathrm{fm/c}$, leading to a sizeable charm-quark $v_2$, with a magnitude that increases with the strength of the initial fields and with the number of nuclear participants. Remarkably, we show that the early-stage contribution alone can account for a significant fraction of the experimentally observed $J/ψ$ elliptic flow in p-Pb collisions, indicating that pre-hydrodynamic dynamics can play a non-negligible role in the final-state heavy-flavor collectivity, especially in small systems.
title Elliptic flow of charm quarks produced in the early stage of pA collisions
topic High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Nuclear Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.11123