Ultrasensitive Real-Time Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins with Arrays of Biofunctionalized Graphene Field-Effect Transistors
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866918292545863680 |
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| author | Rasouli, Hamid Reza Kaiser, David Eshaghi, Ghazaleh Reinhard, Marco Rolapp, Alexander Gary, Dominik Fischer, Tobias Neumann, Christof Weimann, Thomas Frankenfeld, Katrin Meister, Michael Turchanin, Andrey |
| author_facet | Rasouli, Hamid Reza Kaiser, David Eshaghi, Ghazaleh Reinhard, Marco Rolapp, Alexander Gary, Dominik Fischer, Tobias Neumann, Christof Weimann, Thomas Frankenfeld, Katrin Meister, Michael Turchanin, Andrey |
| contents | With the growing interest in graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) for biosensing applications, there is a strong demand for strategies enabling flexible and multiplexed biofunctionalization, as well as highly parallel, real-time electronic readout integrated with microfluidic control. Here we present a methodology that addresses these challenges by enabling real-time, parallel monitoring of multiple GFETs integrated on a single microfabricated chip within an automated electronic and microfluidic platform. We demonstrate the capabilities of this approach through ultrasensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. GFET chips are functionalized via van der Waals assembly using 1 nm-thick molecular two-dimensional (2D) materials - carbon nanomembranes - which enable multiplexed biofunctionalization. The chips are integrated into a custom-developed microelectronic and microfluidic system that allows parallel, real-time, and automated measurements of 15 GFETs. We present in situ biofunctionalization of the GFETs with antibodies, followed by highly specific detection of the S- and N-proteins with limits of detection down to 10 aM and a dynamic range spanning four orders of magnitude. Owing to its versatility, the presented methodology is readily adaptable for sensing a wide range of biological and chemical targets. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_11275 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Ultrasensitive Real-Time Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins with Arrays of Biofunctionalized Graphene Field-Effect Transistors Rasouli, Hamid Reza Kaiser, David Eshaghi, Ghazaleh Reinhard, Marco Rolapp, Alexander Gary, Dominik Fischer, Tobias Neumann, Christof Weimann, Thomas Frankenfeld, Katrin Meister, Michael Turchanin, Andrey Biological Physics Soft Condensed Matter With the growing interest in graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) for biosensing applications, there is a strong demand for strategies enabling flexible and multiplexed biofunctionalization, as well as highly parallel, real-time electronic readout integrated with microfluidic control. Here we present a methodology that addresses these challenges by enabling real-time, parallel monitoring of multiple GFETs integrated on a single microfabricated chip within an automated electronic and microfluidic platform. We demonstrate the capabilities of this approach through ultrasensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. GFET chips are functionalized via van der Waals assembly using 1 nm-thick molecular two-dimensional (2D) materials - carbon nanomembranes - which enable multiplexed biofunctionalization. The chips are integrated into a custom-developed microelectronic and microfluidic system that allows parallel, real-time, and automated measurements of 15 GFETs. We present in situ biofunctionalization of the GFETs with antibodies, followed by highly specific detection of the S- and N-proteins with limits of detection down to 10 aM and a dynamic range spanning four orders of magnitude. Owing to its versatility, the presented methodology is readily adaptable for sensing a wide range of biological and chemical targets. |
| title | Ultrasensitive Real-Time Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins with Arrays of Biofunctionalized Graphene Field-Effect Transistors |
| topic | Biological Physics Soft Condensed Matter |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.11275 |