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Main Authors: Huang, Yuyan, Li, Haoran, Lu, Yifan, Wu, Ruolin, Chen, Siqian, Liu, Chao
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.11587
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author Huang, Yuyan
Li, Haoran
Lu, Yifan
Wu, Ruolin
Chen, Siqian
Liu, Chao
author_facet Huang, Yuyan
Li, Haoran
Lu, Yifan
Wu, Ruolin
Chen, Siqian
Liu, Chao
contents Urban carbon governance requires planners to integrate heterogeneous evidence -- emission inventories, statistical yearbooks, policy texts, technical measures, and academic findings -- into actionable, cross-departmental plans. Large Language Models (LLMs) can assist planning workflows, yet their factual reliability and evidential traceability remain critical barriers in professional use. This paper presents an evidence-grounded multi-agent planning support system for urban carbon governance built upon standard text-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) (without GraphRAG). We align the system with the typical planning workflow by decomposing tasks into four specialized agents: (i) evidence Q\&A for fact checking and compliance queries, (ii) emission status assessment for diagnostic analysis, (iii) planning recommendation for generating multi-sector governance pathways, and (iv) report integration for producing planning-style deliverables. We evaluate the system in two task families: factual retrieval and comprehensive planning generation. On factual retrieval tasks, introducing RAG increases the average score from below 6 to above 90, and dramatically improves key-field extraction (e.g., region and numeric values near 100\% detection). A real-city case study (Ningbo, China) demonstrates end-to-end report generation with strong relevance, coverage, and coherence in expert review, while also highlighting boundary inconsistencies across data sources as a practical limitation.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_11587
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Evidence-Grounded Multi-Agent Planning Support for Urban Carbon Governance via RAG
Huang, Yuyan
Li, Haoran
Lu, Yifan
Wu, Ruolin
Chen, Siqian
Liu, Chao
Computers and Society
Urban carbon governance requires planners to integrate heterogeneous evidence -- emission inventories, statistical yearbooks, policy texts, technical measures, and academic findings -- into actionable, cross-departmental plans. Large Language Models (LLMs) can assist planning workflows, yet their factual reliability and evidential traceability remain critical barriers in professional use. This paper presents an evidence-grounded multi-agent planning support system for urban carbon governance built upon standard text-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) (without GraphRAG). We align the system with the typical planning workflow by decomposing tasks into four specialized agents: (i) evidence Q\&A for fact checking and compliance queries, (ii) emission status assessment for diagnostic analysis, (iii) planning recommendation for generating multi-sector governance pathways, and (iv) report integration for producing planning-style deliverables. We evaluate the system in two task families: factual retrieval and comprehensive planning generation. On factual retrieval tasks, introducing RAG increases the average score from below 6 to above 90, and dramatically improves key-field extraction (e.g., region and numeric values near 100\% detection). A real-city case study (Ningbo, China) demonstrates end-to-end report generation with strong relevance, coverage, and coherence in expert review, while also highlighting boundary inconsistencies across data sources as a practical limitation.
title Evidence-Grounded Multi-Agent Planning Support for Urban Carbon Governance via RAG
topic Computers and Society
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.11587