Toward Youth-Centered Privacy-by-Design in Smart Devices: A Systematic Review

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Campbell, Molly, Jasem, Mohamad Sheikho Al, Shrestha, Ajay Kumar
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Campbell, Molly
Jasem, Mohamad Sheikho Al
Shrestha, Ajay Kumar
author_facet Campbell, Molly
Jasem, Mohamad Sheikho Al
Shrestha, Ajay Kumar
contents This literature review evaluates privacy-by-design frameworks, tools, and policies intended to protect youth in AI-enabled smart devices using a PRISMA-guided workflow. Sources from major academic and grey-literature repositories from the past decade were screened. The search identified 2,216 records; after deduplication and screening, 645 articles underwent eligibility assessment, and 122 were included for analysis. The corpus was organized along three thematic categories: technical solutions, policy/regulatory measures, and education/awareness strategies. Findings reveal that while technical interventions such as on-device processing, federated learning, and lightweight encryption significantly reduce data exposure, their adoption remains limited. Policy frameworks, including the EU's GDPR, the UK Age-Appropriate Design Code, and Canada's PIPEDA, provide important baselines but are hindered by gaps in enforcement and age-appropriate design obligations, while educational initiatives are rarely integrated systematically into curricula. Overall, the corpus skews toward technical solutions (67%) relative to policy (21%) and education (12%), indicating an implementation gap outside the technical domain. To address these challenges, we recommend a multi-stakeholder model in which policymakers, manufacturers, and educators co-develop inclusive, transparent, and context-sensitive privacy ecosystems. This work advances discourse on youth data protection by offering empirically grounded insights and actionable recommendations for the design of ethical, privacy-preserving AI systems tailored to young users.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_11598
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Toward Youth-Centered Privacy-by-Design in Smart Devices: A Systematic Review
Campbell, Molly
Jasem, Mohamad Sheikho Al
Shrestha, Ajay Kumar
Computers and Society
Artificial Intelligence
Human-Computer Interaction
This literature review evaluates privacy-by-design frameworks, tools, and policies intended to protect youth in AI-enabled smart devices using a PRISMA-guided workflow. Sources from major academic and grey-literature repositories from the past decade were screened. The search identified 2,216 records; after deduplication and screening, 645 articles underwent eligibility assessment, and 122 were included for analysis. The corpus was organized along three thematic categories: technical solutions, policy/regulatory measures, and education/awareness strategies. Findings reveal that while technical interventions such as on-device processing, federated learning, and lightweight encryption significantly reduce data exposure, their adoption remains limited. Policy frameworks, including the EU's GDPR, the UK Age-Appropriate Design Code, and Canada's PIPEDA, provide important baselines but are hindered by gaps in enforcement and age-appropriate design obligations, while educational initiatives are rarely integrated systematically into curricula. Overall, the corpus skews toward technical solutions (67%) relative to policy (21%) and education (12%), indicating an implementation gap outside the technical domain. To address these challenges, we recommend a multi-stakeholder model in which policymakers, manufacturers, and educators co-develop inclusive, transparent, and context-sensitive privacy ecosystems. This work advances discourse on youth data protection by offering empirically grounded insights and actionable recommendations for the design of ethical, privacy-preserving AI systems tailored to young users.
title Toward Youth-Centered Privacy-by-Design in Smart Devices: A Systematic Review
topic Computers and Society
Artificial Intelligence
Human-Computer Interaction
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.11598