Toward Youth-Centered Privacy-by-Design in Smart Devices: A Systematic Review
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866917300249034752 |
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| author | Campbell, Molly Jasem, Mohamad Sheikho Al Shrestha, Ajay Kumar |
| author_facet | Campbell, Molly Jasem, Mohamad Sheikho Al Shrestha, Ajay Kumar |
| contents | This literature review evaluates privacy-by-design frameworks, tools, and policies intended to protect youth in AI-enabled smart devices using a PRISMA-guided workflow. Sources from major academic and grey-literature repositories from the past decade were screened. The search identified 2,216 records; after deduplication and screening, 645 articles underwent eligibility assessment, and 122 were included for analysis. The corpus was organized along three thematic categories: technical solutions, policy/regulatory measures, and education/awareness strategies. Findings reveal that while technical interventions such as on-device processing, federated learning, and lightweight encryption significantly reduce data exposure, their adoption remains limited. Policy frameworks, including the EU's GDPR, the UK Age-Appropriate Design Code, and Canada's PIPEDA, provide important baselines but are hindered by gaps in enforcement and age-appropriate design obligations, while educational initiatives are rarely integrated systematically into curricula. Overall, the corpus skews toward technical solutions (67%) relative to policy (21%) and education (12%), indicating an implementation gap outside the technical domain. To address these challenges, we recommend a multi-stakeholder model in which policymakers, manufacturers, and educators co-develop inclusive, transparent, and context-sensitive privacy ecosystems. This work advances discourse on youth data protection by offering empirically grounded insights and actionable recommendations for the design of ethical, privacy-preserving AI systems tailored to young users. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_11598 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Toward Youth-Centered Privacy-by-Design in Smart Devices: A Systematic Review Campbell, Molly Jasem, Mohamad Sheikho Al Shrestha, Ajay Kumar Computers and Society Artificial Intelligence Human-Computer Interaction This literature review evaluates privacy-by-design frameworks, tools, and policies intended to protect youth in AI-enabled smart devices using a PRISMA-guided workflow. Sources from major academic and grey-literature repositories from the past decade were screened. The search identified 2,216 records; after deduplication and screening, 645 articles underwent eligibility assessment, and 122 were included for analysis. The corpus was organized along three thematic categories: technical solutions, policy/regulatory measures, and education/awareness strategies. Findings reveal that while technical interventions such as on-device processing, federated learning, and lightweight encryption significantly reduce data exposure, their adoption remains limited. Policy frameworks, including the EU's GDPR, the UK Age-Appropriate Design Code, and Canada's PIPEDA, provide important baselines but are hindered by gaps in enforcement and age-appropriate design obligations, while educational initiatives are rarely integrated systematically into curricula. Overall, the corpus skews toward technical solutions (67%) relative to policy (21%) and education (12%), indicating an implementation gap outside the technical domain. To address these challenges, we recommend a multi-stakeholder model in which policymakers, manufacturers, and educators co-develop inclusive, transparent, and context-sensitive privacy ecosystems. This work advances discourse on youth data protection by offering empirically grounded insights and actionable recommendations for the design of ethical, privacy-preserving AI systems tailored to young users. |
| title | Toward Youth-Centered Privacy-by-Design in Smart Devices: A Systematic Review |
| topic | Computers and Society Artificial Intelligence Human-Computer Interaction |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.11598 |