Performance Test and Circuit Simulation for R12699-406-M4 Photomultiplier Tube Base
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866915737667371008 |
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| author | Huang, Houqi Chen, Peiyuan Han, Ke Liu, Yang Wang, Guanbo Wang, Shaobo Wu, Weihao Yan, Binbin Ye, Peihua Zhou, Jiaxu Zhou, Zhizhen |
| author_facet | Huang, Houqi Chen, Peiyuan Han, Ke Liu, Yang Wang, Guanbo Wang, Shaobo Wu, Weihao Yan, Binbin Ye, Peihua Zhou, Jiaxu Zhou, Zhizhen |
| contents | The next-generation liquid xenon experiments like PandaX-xT target an energy range from sub-keV to multi-MeV to address the requirement of multiple physics searches. The Hamamatsu R12699-406-M4 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) were developed and selected as photon sensors for PandaX-xT. Their voltage-divider base is optimized for a broad dynamic range, from single-photoelectron (SPE) sensitivity to 30~nC collected charge (matching the 2.5~MeV Q-value of $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay~(NLDBD)). Using a dedicated test bench, we characterize the saturation and suppression responses of R12699-406-M4 PMTs with this base design. Based on measured PMT-base responses, we develop a circuit simulation model that accurately reproduces the physical mechanisms underlying these effects with key parameters tuned via experimental data. The combined simulation and bench-test approach guides base design and optimization, enabling improved detector dynamic range and supporting future saturation and suppression correction studies in data analysis. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_12364 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Performance Test and Circuit Simulation for R12699-406-M4 Photomultiplier Tube Base Huang, Houqi Chen, Peiyuan Han, Ke Liu, Yang Wang, Guanbo Wang, Shaobo Wu, Weihao Yan, Binbin Ye, Peihua Zhou, Jiaxu Zhou, Zhizhen Instrumentation and Detectors High Energy Physics - Experiment The next-generation liquid xenon experiments like PandaX-xT target an energy range from sub-keV to multi-MeV to address the requirement of multiple physics searches. The Hamamatsu R12699-406-M4 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) were developed and selected as photon sensors for PandaX-xT. Their voltage-divider base is optimized for a broad dynamic range, from single-photoelectron (SPE) sensitivity to 30~nC collected charge (matching the 2.5~MeV Q-value of $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay~(NLDBD)). Using a dedicated test bench, we characterize the saturation and suppression responses of R12699-406-M4 PMTs with this base design. Based on measured PMT-base responses, we develop a circuit simulation model that accurately reproduces the physical mechanisms underlying these effects with key parameters tuned via experimental data. The combined simulation and bench-test approach guides base design and optimization, enabling improved detector dynamic range and supporting future saturation and suppression correction studies in data analysis. |
| title | Performance Test and Circuit Simulation for R12699-406-M4 Photomultiplier Tube Base |
| topic | Instrumentation and Detectors High Energy Physics - Experiment |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.12364 |