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Main Authors:	Badanin, Ilia, Dzenhaliou, Daniil, Schlag, Imanol
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2026
Subjects:	Computation and Language Artificial Intelligence
Online Access:	https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.12549
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Spilled Energy in Large Language Models
by: Minut, Adrian Robert, et al.
Published: (2026)

Adapting Multilingual LLMs to Low-Resource Languages with Knowledge Graphs via Adapters
by: Gurgurov, Daniil, et al.
Published: (2024)

POLAR-Bench: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Privacy-Utility Trade-offs in LLM Agents
by: Zheng, Qiaoyuan, et al.
Published: (2026)

Persona-Augmented Benchmarking: Evaluating LLMs Across Diverse Writing Styles
by: Truong, Kimberly Le, et al.
Published: (2025)

LIBERTy: A Causal Framework for Benchmarking Concept-Based Explanations of LLMs with Structural Counterfactuals
by: Toker, Gilat, et al.
Published: (2026)

Traveling Across Languages: Benchmarking Cross-Lingual Consistency in Multimodal LLMs
by: Wang, Hao, et al.
Published: (2025)

Framing Political Bias in Multilingual LLMs Across Pakistani Languages
by: Nadeem, Afrozah, et al.
Published: (2025)

<think> So let's replace this phrase with insult... </think> Lessons learned from generation of toxic texts with LLMs
by: Pletenev, Sergey, et al.
Published: (2025)

ConceptMath: A Bilingual Concept-wise Benchmark for Measuring Mathematical Reasoning of Large Language Models
by: Wu, Yanan, et al.
Published: (2024)

Concept Attractors in LLMs and their Applications
by: Chytas, Sotirios Panagiotis, et al.
Published: (2025)

Apertus: Democratizing Open and Compliant LLMs for Global Language Environments
by: Apertus, Project, et al.
Published: (2025)

Learning the Topic, Not the Language: How LLMs Classify Online Immigration Discourse Across Languages
by: Nasuto, Andrea, et al.
Published: (2025)

Beyond Specialization: Benchmarking LLMs for Transliteration of Indian Languages
by: Azam, Gulfarogh, et al.
Published: (2025)

Benchmarking LLMs for Mimicking Child-Caregiver Language in Interaction
by: Liu, Jing, et al.
Published: (2024)

NATURAL PLAN: Benchmarking LLMs on Natural Language Planning
by: Zheng, Huaixiu Steven, et al.
Published: (2024)

Time Awareness in Large Language Models: Benchmarking Fact Recall Across Time
by: Herel, David, et al.
Published: (2024)

When Speculation Spills Secrets: Side Channels via Speculative Decoding In LLMs
by: Wei, Jiankun, et al.
Published: (2024)

General365: Benchmarking General Reasoning in Large Language Models Across Diverse and Challenging Tasks
by: Liu, Junlin, et al.
Published: (2026)

Cards Against LLMs: Benchmarking Humor Alignment in Large Language Models
by: Fettach, Yousra, et al.
Published: (2026)

LLM-BABYBENCH: Understanding and Evaluating Grounded Planning and Reasoning in LLMs
by: Choukrani, Omar, et al.
Published: (2025)

Systematic Evaluation of Long-Context LLMs on Financial Concepts
by: Gupta, Lavanya, et al.
Published: (2024)

What is a Number, That a Large Language Model May Know It?
by: Marjieh, Raja, et al.
Published: (2025)

Narrative Landscape: Mapping Narrative Dispositions Across LLMs
by: Jung, Donghoon, et al.
Published: (2026)

Predict the Next Word: Humans exhibit uncertainty in this task and language models _____
by: Ilia, Evgenia, et al.
Published: (2024)

On the Effect of (Near) Duplicate Subwords in Language Modelling
by: Schäfer, Anton, et al.
Published: (2024)

CresOWLve: Benchmarking Creative Problem-Solving Over Real-World Knowledge
by: Ismayilzada, Mete, et al.
Published: (2026)

Facilitating large language model Russian adaptation with Learned Embedding Propagation
by: Tikhomirov, Mikhail, et al.
Published: (2024)

Positional Fragility in LLMs: How Offset Effects Reshape Our Understanding of Memorization Risks
by: Xu, Yixuan, et al.
Published: (2025)

Domain Knowledge-Enhanced LLMs for Fraud and Concept Drift Detection
by: Şenol, Ali, et al.
Published: (2025)

ConceptPsy:A Benchmark Suite with Conceptual Comprehensiveness in Psychology
by: Zhang, Junlei, et al.
Published: (2023)

Benchmarking GPT-4 against Human Translators: A Comprehensive Evaluation Across Languages, Domains, and Expertise Levels
by: Yan, Jianhao, et al.
Published: (2024)

Let's Play Across Cultures: A Large Multilingual, Multicultural Benchmark for Assessing Language Models' Understanding of Sports
by: Singh, Punit Kumar, et al.
Published: (2025)

League of LLMs: A Benchmark-Free Paradigm for Mutual Evaluation of Large Language Models
by: Guo, Qianhong, et al.
Published: (2025)

Do Language Models Reason Across Languages?
by: Meng, Yan, et al.
Published: (2026)

Soft Thinking: Unlocking the Reasoning Potential of LLMs in Continuous Concept Space
by: Zhang, Zhen, et al.
Published: (2025)

Navigating the Concept Space of Language Models
by: Marcílio-Jr, Wilson E., et al.
Published: (2026)

Explanation Fairness in Large Language Models: An Empirical Analysis of Disparities in How LLMs Justify Decisions Across Demographic Groups
by: Veldanda, Gautam
Published: (2026)

LLMs-in-the-Loop Part 2: Expert Small AI Models for Anonymization and De-identification of PHI Across Multiple Languages
by: Gunay, Murat, et al.
Published: (2024)

Evaluating Modern Large Language Models on Low-Resource and Morphologically Rich Languages:A Cross-Lingual Benchmark Across Cantonese, Japanese, and Turkish
by: Xia, Chengxuan, et al.
Published: (2025)

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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