Locating the missing large-scale emission in the jet of M87* with short EHT baselines
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Georgiev, Boris Tiede, Paul von Fellenberg, Sebastiano D. Janssen, Michael Natarajan, Iniyan Blackburn, Lindy Park, Jongho Chavez, Erandi West, Andrew T. Moriyama, Kotaro Koay, Jun Yi Müller, Hendrik Nair, Dhanya G. Broderick, Avery E. Wielgus, Maciek Akiyama, Kazunori Albentosa-Ruíz, Ezequiel Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Bremer, Michael Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Carlos, Douglas F. Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Chichura, Paul Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Curd, Brandon Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, José L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Jones, Adam C. Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lee, Deokhyeong Lee, Sang-Sung Levis, Aviad Li, Shaoling Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Lisakov, Mikhail Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lowitz, Amy E. Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Martí-Vidal, Iván Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Montgomery, Joshua Moran, James M. Moscibrodzka, Monika Mulaudzi, Wanga Müller, Cornelia Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Nathanail, Antonios Fuentes, Santiago Navarro Neilsen, Joey Ni, Chunchong Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Sánchez, Héctor Raúl Olivares Oyama, Tomoaki Özel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Paraschos, Georgios Filippos Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Piétu, Vincent Plavin, Alexander PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Prather, Ben Principe, Giacomo Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Rahlin, Alexandra Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Ricarte, Angelo Ricci, Luca Ripperda, Bart Röder, Jan Roelofs, Freek Romero-Cañizales, Cristina Ros, Eduardo Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L. J. Salas, León D. S. Sánchez, Salvador Sánchez-Argüelles, David Sánchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Saurabh Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Silpa, Sasikumar Small, Des Smith, Randall Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Souccar, Kamal Stanway, Joshua S. Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Toscano, Teresa Traianou, Efthalia Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Washington, Jasmin E. Weintroub, Jonathan Wharton, Robert Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wongphexhauxsorn, Jompoj Wu, Qingwen Yadlapalli, Nitika Yamaguchi, Paul Yfantis, Aristomenis Yoon, Doosoo Young, André Younsi, Ziri Yu, Wei Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zeng, Ai-Ling Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan |
| author_facet | Georgiev, Boris Tiede, Paul von Fellenberg, Sebastiano D. Janssen, Michael Natarajan, Iniyan Blackburn, Lindy Park, Jongho Chavez, Erandi West, Andrew T. Moriyama, Kotaro Koay, Jun Yi Müller, Hendrik Nair, Dhanya G. Broderick, Avery E. Wielgus, Maciek Akiyama, Kazunori Albentosa-Ruíz, Ezequiel Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Bremer, Michael Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Carlos, Douglas F. Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Chichura, Paul Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Curd, Brandon Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, José L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Jones, Adam C. Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lee, Deokhyeong Lee, Sang-Sung Levis, Aviad Li, Shaoling Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Lisakov, Mikhail Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lowitz, Amy E. Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Martí-Vidal, Iván Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Montgomery, Joshua Moran, James M. Moscibrodzka, Monika Mulaudzi, Wanga Müller, Cornelia Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Nathanail, Antonios Fuentes, Santiago Navarro Neilsen, Joey Ni, Chunchong Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Sánchez, Héctor Raúl Olivares Oyama, Tomoaki Özel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Paraschos, Georgios Filippos Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Piétu, Vincent Plavin, Alexander PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Prather, Ben Principe, Giacomo Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Rahlin, Alexandra Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Ricarte, Angelo Ricci, Luca Ripperda, Bart Röder, Jan Roelofs, Freek Romero-Cañizales, Cristina Ros, Eduardo Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L. J. Salas, León D. S. Sánchez, Salvador Sánchez-Argüelles, David Sánchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Saurabh Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Silpa, Sasikumar Small, Des Smith, Randall Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Souccar, Kamal Stanway, Joshua S. Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Toscano, Teresa Traianou, Efthalia Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Washington, Jasmin E. Weintroub, Jonathan Wharton, Robert Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wongphexhauxsorn, Jompoj Wu, Qingwen Yadlapalli, Nitika Yamaguchi, Paul Yfantis, Aristomenis Yoon, Doosoo Young, André Younsi, Ziri Yu, Wei Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zeng, Ai-Ling Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan |
| contents | In Very-Long Baseline Interferometric arrays, nearly co-located stations probe the largest scales and typically cannot resolve the observed source. In the absence of large-scale structure, closure phases constructed with these stations are zero and, since they are independent of station-based errors, they can be used to probe data issues. Here, we show with an expansion about co-located stations, how these trivial closure phases become non-zero with brightness distribution on smaller scales than their short baseline would suggest. When applied to sources that are made up of a bright compact and large-scale diffuse component, the trivial closure phases directly measure the centroid relative to the compact source and higher-order image moments. We present a technique to measure these image moments with minimal model assumptions and validate it on synthetic Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) data. We then apply this technique to 2017 and 2018 EHT observations of M87* and find a weak preference for extended emission in the direction of the large-scale jet. We also apply it to 2021 EHT data and measure the source centroid about 1 mas northwest of the compact ring, consistent with the jet observed at lower frequencies. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_13356 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Locating the missing large-scale emission in the jet of M87* with short EHT baselines Georgiev, Boris Tiede, Paul von Fellenberg, Sebastiano D. Janssen, Michael Natarajan, Iniyan Blackburn, Lindy Park, Jongho Chavez, Erandi West, Andrew T. Moriyama, Kotaro Koay, Jun Yi Müller, Hendrik Nair, Dhanya G. Broderick, Avery E. Wielgus, Maciek Akiyama, Kazunori Albentosa-Ruíz, Ezequiel Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Bremer, Michael Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Carlos, Douglas F. Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Chichura, Paul Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Curd, Brandon Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, José L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Jones, Adam C. Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lee, Deokhyeong Lee, Sang-Sung Levis, Aviad Li, Shaoling Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Lisakov, Mikhail Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lowitz, Amy E. Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Martí-Vidal, Iván Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Montgomery, Joshua Moran, James M. Moscibrodzka, Monika Mulaudzi, Wanga Müller, Cornelia Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Nathanail, Antonios Fuentes, Santiago Navarro Neilsen, Joey Ni, Chunchong Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Sánchez, Héctor Raúl Olivares Oyama, Tomoaki Özel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Paraschos, Georgios Filippos Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Piétu, Vincent Plavin, Alexander PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Prather, Ben Principe, Giacomo Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Rahlin, Alexandra Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Ricarte, Angelo Ricci, Luca Ripperda, Bart Röder, Jan Roelofs, Freek Romero-Cañizales, Cristina Ros, Eduardo Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L. J. Salas, León D. S. Sánchez, Salvador Sánchez-Argüelles, David Sánchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Saurabh Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Silpa, Sasikumar Small, Des Smith, Randall Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Souccar, Kamal Stanway, Joshua S. Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Toscano, Teresa Traianou, Efthalia Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Washington, Jasmin E. Weintroub, Jonathan Wharton, Robert Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wongphexhauxsorn, Jompoj Wu, Qingwen Yadlapalli, Nitika Yamaguchi, Paul Yfantis, Aristomenis Yoon, Doosoo Young, André Younsi, Ziri Yu, Wei Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zeng, Ai-Ling Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics In Very-Long Baseline Interferometric arrays, nearly co-located stations probe the largest scales and typically cannot resolve the observed source. In the absence of large-scale structure, closure phases constructed with these stations are zero and, since they are independent of station-based errors, they can be used to probe data issues. Here, we show with an expansion about co-located stations, how these trivial closure phases become non-zero with brightness distribution on smaller scales than their short baseline would suggest. When applied to sources that are made up of a bright compact and large-scale diffuse component, the trivial closure phases directly measure the centroid relative to the compact source and higher-order image moments. We present a technique to measure these image moments with minimal model assumptions and validate it on synthetic Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) data. We then apply this technique to 2017 and 2018 EHT observations of M87* and find a weak preference for extended emission in the direction of the large-scale jet. We also apply it to 2021 EHT data and measure the source centroid about 1 mas northwest of the compact ring, consistent with the jet observed at lower frequencies. |
| title | Locating the missing large-scale emission in the jet of M87* with short EHT baselines |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.13356 |