Reinforcement Learning for Opportunistic Routing in Software-Defined LEO-Terrestrial Systems

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: Krishnan, Sivaram, Gu, Zhouyou, Park, Jihong, Oh, Sung-Min, Choi, Jinho
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2026
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author Krishnan, Sivaram
Gu, Zhouyou
Park, Jihong
Oh, Sung-Min
Choi, Jinho
author_facet Krishnan, Sivaram
Gu, Zhouyou
Park, Jihong
Oh, Sung-Min
Choi, Jinho
contents The proliferation of large-scale low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations is driving the need for intelligent routing strategies that can effectively deliver data to terrestrial networks under rapidly time-varying topologies and intermittent gateway visibility. Leveraging the global control capabilities of a geostationary (GEO)-resident software-defined networking (SDN) controller, we introduce opportunistic routing, which aims to minimize delivery delay by forwarding packets to any currently available ground gateways rather than fixed destinations. This makes it a promising approach for achieving low-latency and robust data delivery in highly dynamic LEO networks. Specifically, we formulate a constrained stochastic optimization problem and employ a residual reinforcement learning framework to optimize opportunistic routing for reducing transmission delay. Simulation results over multiple days of orbital data demonstrate that our method achieves significant improvements in queue length reduction compared to classical backpressure and other well-known queueing algorithms.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_13662
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Reinforcement Learning for Opportunistic Routing in Software-Defined LEO-Terrestrial Systems
Krishnan, Sivaram
Gu, Zhouyou
Park, Jihong
Oh, Sung-Min
Choi, Jinho
Networking and Internet Architecture
Machine Learning
The proliferation of large-scale low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations is driving the need for intelligent routing strategies that can effectively deliver data to terrestrial networks under rapidly time-varying topologies and intermittent gateway visibility. Leveraging the global control capabilities of a geostationary (GEO)-resident software-defined networking (SDN) controller, we introduce opportunistic routing, which aims to minimize delivery delay by forwarding packets to any currently available ground gateways rather than fixed destinations. This makes it a promising approach for achieving low-latency and robust data delivery in highly dynamic LEO networks. Specifically, we formulate a constrained stochastic optimization problem and employ a residual reinforcement learning framework to optimize opportunistic routing for reducing transmission delay. Simulation results over multiple days of orbital data demonstrate that our method achieves significant improvements in queue length reduction compared to classical backpressure and other well-known queueing algorithms.
title Reinforcement Learning for Opportunistic Routing in Software-Defined LEO-Terrestrial Systems
topic Networking and Internet Architecture
Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.13662