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Main Authors: Zhang, Hengyuan, Zhang, Zhihao, Wang, Mingyang, Su, Zunhai, Wang, Yiwei, Wang, Qianli, Yuan, Shuzhou, Nie, Ercong, Duan, Xufeng, Han, Feijiang, Xue, Qibo, Yu, Zeping, Shang, Chenming, Liang, Xiao, Xiong, Jing, Shen, Hui, Tao, Chaofan, Liu, Zhengwu, Jin, Senjie, Xi, Zhiheng, Zhang, Dongdong, Ananiadou, Sophia, Gui, Tao, Xie, Ruobing, So, Hayden Kwok-Hay, Schütze, Hinrich, Huang, Xuanjing, Zhang, Qi, Wong, Ngai
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14004
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author Zhang, Hengyuan
Zhang, Zhihao
Wang, Mingyang
Su, Zunhai
Wang, Yiwei
Wang, Qianli
Yuan, Shuzhou
Nie, Ercong
Duan, Xufeng
Han, Feijiang
Xue, Qibo
Yu, Zeping
Shang, Chenming
Liang, Xiao
Xiong, Jing
Shen, Hui
Tao, Chaofan
Liu, Zhengwu
Jin, Senjie
Xi, Zhiheng
Zhang, Dongdong
Ananiadou, Sophia
Gui, Tao
Xie, Ruobing
So, Hayden Kwok-Hay
Schütze, Hinrich
Huang, Xuanjing
Zhang, Qi
Wong, Ngai
author_facet Zhang, Hengyuan
Zhang, Zhihao
Wang, Mingyang
Su, Zunhai
Wang, Yiwei
Wang, Qianli
Yuan, Shuzhou
Nie, Ercong
Duan, Xufeng
Han, Feijiang
Xue, Qibo
Yu, Zeping
Shang, Chenming
Liang, Xiao
Xiong, Jing
Shen, Hui
Tao, Chaofan
Liu, Zhengwu
Jin, Senjie
Xi, Zhiheng
Zhang, Dongdong
Ananiadou, Sophia
Gui, Tao
Xie, Ruobing
So, Hayden Kwok-Hay
Schütze, Hinrich
Huang, Xuanjing
Zhang, Qi
Wong, Ngai
contents Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) has emerged as a vital approach to demystify the opaque decision-making of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing reviews primarily treat MI as an observational science, summarizing analytical insights while lacking a systematic framework for actionable intervention. To bridge this gap, we present a practical survey structured around the pipeline: "Locate, Steer, and Improve." We formally categorize Localizing (diagnosis) and Steering (intervention) methods based on specific Interpretable Objects to establish a rigorous intervention protocol. Furthermore, we demonstrate how this framework enables tangible improvements in Alignment, Capability, and Efficiency, effectively operationalizing MI as an actionable methodology for model optimization. The curated paper list of this work is available at https://github.com/rattlesnakey/Awesome-Actionable-MI-Survey.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_14004
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Models
Zhang, Hengyuan
Zhang, Zhihao
Wang, Mingyang
Su, Zunhai
Wang, Yiwei
Wang, Qianli
Yuan, Shuzhou
Nie, Ercong
Duan, Xufeng
Han, Feijiang
Xue, Qibo
Yu, Zeping
Shang, Chenming
Liang, Xiao
Xiong, Jing
Shen, Hui
Tao, Chaofan
Liu, Zhengwu
Jin, Senjie
Xi, Zhiheng
Zhang, Dongdong
Ananiadou, Sophia
Gui, Tao
Xie, Ruobing
So, Hayden Kwok-Hay
Schütze, Hinrich
Huang, Xuanjing
Zhang, Qi
Wong, Ngai
Computation and Language
Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) has emerged as a vital approach to demystify the opaque decision-making of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing reviews primarily treat MI as an observational science, summarizing analytical insights while lacking a systematic framework for actionable intervention. To bridge this gap, we present a practical survey structured around the pipeline: "Locate, Steer, and Improve." We formally categorize Localizing (diagnosis) and Steering (intervention) methods based on specific Interpretable Objects to establish a rigorous intervention protocol. Furthermore, we demonstrate how this framework enables tangible improvements in Alignment, Capability, and Efficiency, effectively operationalizing MI as an actionable methodology for model optimization. The curated paper list of this work is available at https://github.com/rattlesnakey/Awesome-Actionable-MI-Survey.
title Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Models
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14004