Native linear-optical protocol for efficient multivariate trace estimation

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Novo, Leonardo, Robbio, Marco, Galvão, Ernesto F., Cerf, Nicolas J.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Novo, Leonardo
Robbio, Marco
Galvão, Ernesto F.
Cerf, Nicolas J.
author_facet Novo, Leonardo
Robbio, Marco
Galvão, Ernesto F.
Cerf, Nicolas J.
contents The Hong-Ou-Mandel test estimates the overlap between spectral functions characterizing the internal degrees of freedom of two single photons. It can be viewed as a photon-native protocol that implements the well-known quantum SWAP test. Here, we propose a native linear-optical protocol that efficiently estimates multivariate traces of quantum states called Bargmann invariants, which are ubiquitous in quantum mechanics. Our protocol may be understood as a photon-native version of the cycle test in the circuit model, which encompasses many-photon multimode quantum states. We show the protocol is sample-efficient and discuss applications, such as generalized suppression laws, efficient quantum kernel estimation for quantum machine learning, eigenspectrum estimation, and the characterization of multiphoton indistinguishability.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_14204
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Native linear-optical protocol for efficient multivariate trace estimation
Novo, Leonardo
Robbio, Marco
Galvão, Ernesto F.
Cerf, Nicolas J.
Quantum Physics
The Hong-Ou-Mandel test estimates the overlap between spectral functions characterizing the internal degrees of freedom of two single photons. It can be viewed as a photon-native protocol that implements the well-known quantum SWAP test. Here, we propose a native linear-optical protocol that efficiently estimates multivariate traces of quantum states called Bargmann invariants, which are ubiquitous in quantum mechanics. Our protocol may be understood as a photon-native version of the cycle test in the circuit model, which encompasses many-photon multimode quantum states. We show the protocol is sample-efficient and discuss applications, such as generalized suppression laws, efficient quantum kernel estimation for quantum machine learning, eigenspectrum estimation, and the characterization of multiphoton indistinguishability.
title Native linear-optical protocol for efficient multivariate trace estimation
topic Quantum Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14204