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Main Authors: Wang, Xiao, Balázs, Csaba, Ding, Ran, Tian, Chi
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14412
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author Wang, Xiao
Balázs, Csaba
Ding, Ran
Tian, Chi
author_facet Wang, Xiao
Balázs, Csaba
Ding, Ran
Tian, Chi
contents When strongly supercooled cosmological first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) are sufficiently slow, super-horizon inhomogeneities can be generated. We compute these super-horizon curvature perturbations by employing a gauge-invariant, multi-fluid formalism. By resolving the gauge ambiguities inherent in conventional separate-universe simulations, we demonstrate that Primordial Black Holes are unlikely to be produced by these super-horizon inhomogeneities. We also derive a fitting formula for the resulting curvature perturbations and discuss potential observational constraints on FOPTs imposed by limits on primordial curvature perturbations and associated scalar-induced gravitational waves.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_14412
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis
Wang, Xiao
Balázs, Csaba
Ding, Ran
Tian, Chi
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
When strongly supercooled cosmological first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) are sufficiently slow, super-horizon inhomogeneities can be generated. We compute these super-horizon curvature perturbations by employing a gauge-invariant, multi-fluid formalism. By resolving the gauge ambiguities inherent in conventional separate-universe simulations, we demonstrate that Primordial Black Holes are unlikely to be produced by these super-horizon inhomogeneities. We also derive a fitting formula for the resulting curvature perturbations and discuss potential observational constraints on FOPTs imposed by limits on primordial curvature perturbations and associated scalar-induced gravitational waves.
title How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis
topic High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14412