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Main Authors: Zhong, Yangyang, Gu, Yanmei, Zang, Zhengqing, Li, Xiaomeng, Ding, Yuqi, Jia, Xibei, Shen, Yuting, Lan, Zhenzhong, Zhu, Liwang, Liu, Weiping, Zhou, Junlin, Liu, Haisheng, Yu, Zhong Xin, Luo, Pengxin, Qi, Donglian, Yan, Yunfeng, Zhao, Junbo
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.15593
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author Zhong, Yangyang
Gu, Yanmei
Zang, Zhengqing
Li, Xiaomeng
Ding, Yuqi
Jia, Xibei
Shen, Yuting
Lan, Zhenzhong
Zhu, Liwang
Liu, Weiping
Zhou, Junlin
Liu, Haisheng
Yu, Zhong Xin
Luo, Pengxin
Qi, Donglian
Yan, Yunfeng
Zhao, Junbo
author_facet Zhong, Yangyang
Gu, Yanmei
Zang, Zhengqing
Li, Xiaomeng
Ding, Yuqi
Jia, Xibei
Shen, Yuting
Lan, Zhenzhong
Zhu, Liwang
Liu, Weiping
Zhou, Junlin
Liu, Haisheng
Yu, Zhong Xin
Luo, Pengxin
Qi, Donglian
Yan, Yunfeng
Zhao, Junbo
contents Masked Diffusion Language Models (MDLMs) promise parallel token generation and arbitrary-order decoding, yet it remains unclear to what extent current models truly realize these capabilities. We characterize MDLM behavior along two dimensions -- parallelism strength and generation order -- using Average Finalization Parallelism (AFP) and Kendall's tau. We evaluate eight mainstream MDLMs (up to 100B parameters) on 58 benchmarks spanning knowledge, reasoning, and programming. The results show that MDLMs still lag behind comparably sized autoregressive models, mainly because parallel probabilistic modeling weakens inter-token dependencies. Meanwhile, MDLMs exhibit adaptive decoding behavior: their parallelism and generation order vary significantly with the task domain, the stage of reasoning, and whether the output is correct. On tasks that require "backward information" (e.g., Sudoku), MDLMs adopt a solution order that tends to fill easier Sudoku blanks first, highlighting their advantages. Finally, we provide theoretical motivation and design insights supporting a Generate-then-Edit paradigm, which mitigates dependency loss while retaining the efficiency of parallel decoding.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_15593
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Parallelism and Generation Order in Masked Diffusion Language Models: Limits Today, Potential Tomorrow
Zhong, Yangyang
Gu, Yanmei
Zang, Zhengqing
Li, Xiaomeng
Ding, Yuqi
Jia, Xibei
Shen, Yuting
Lan, Zhenzhong
Zhu, Liwang
Liu, Weiping
Zhou, Junlin
Liu, Haisheng
Yu, Zhong Xin
Luo, Pengxin
Qi, Donglian
Yan, Yunfeng
Zhao, Junbo
Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning
Masked Diffusion Language Models (MDLMs) promise parallel token generation and arbitrary-order decoding, yet it remains unclear to what extent current models truly realize these capabilities. We characterize MDLM behavior along two dimensions -- parallelism strength and generation order -- using Average Finalization Parallelism (AFP) and Kendall's tau. We evaluate eight mainstream MDLMs (up to 100B parameters) on 58 benchmarks spanning knowledge, reasoning, and programming. The results show that MDLMs still lag behind comparably sized autoregressive models, mainly because parallel probabilistic modeling weakens inter-token dependencies. Meanwhile, MDLMs exhibit adaptive decoding behavior: their parallelism and generation order vary significantly with the task domain, the stage of reasoning, and whether the output is correct. On tasks that require "backward information" (e.g., Sudoku), MDLMs adopt a solution order that tends to fill easier Sudoku blanks first, highlighting their advantages. Finally, we provide theoretical motivation and design insights supporting a Generate-then-Edit paradigm, which mitigates dependency loss while retaining the efficiency of parallel decoding.
title Parallelism and Generation Order in Masked Diffusion Language Models: Limits Today, Potential Tomorrow
topic Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.15593