Universal non-Gaussian order parameter statistics in 2D superfluids

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Beregi, Abel, Chang, En, Rydow, Erik, Foot, Christopher J., Sunami, Shinichi
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Beregi, Abel
Chang, En
Rydow, Erik
Foot, Christopher J.
Sunami, Shinichi
author_facet Beregi, Abel
Chang, En
Rydow, Erik
Foot, Christopher J.
Sunami, Shinichi
contents Fluctuations are an intrinsic feature of many-body systems, and their full statistical distributions reveal a wealth of information about the underlying physics. Of particular interest are non-Gaussian, extreme-value statistics that arise when nontrivial correlations and criticality dominate over the central limit theorem. Strikingly, in two-dimensional (2D) quantum fluids, such effects have been predicted to manifest in the order parameter distribution in the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) superfluid phase, which approaches a universal extreme-value form in the low-temperature limit. Here, we measure the order parameter statistics of 2D Bose gases across the BKT critical point using matter-wave interferometry. This allows us to confirm the predicted convergence of the observed statistics to a universal Gumbel distribution at low temperatures, to the 0.1% level of the probability density. Furthermore, the intrinsic precision of the atom interferometer allows the robust extraction of higher-moment observables such as skewness and kurtosis; in particular, we report direct measurements of the Binder cumulant which allows us to precisely identify the onset of the phase transition. Extending this approach to the investigation of non-equilibrium systems, we probe vortex unbinding dynamics following a quench across the BKT critical point and identify parameter-independent scaling behaviour of higher moments.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_16204
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Universal non-Gaussian order parameter statistics in 2D superfluids
Beregi, Abel
Chang, En
Rydow, Erik
Foot, Christopher J.
Sunami, Shinichi
Quantum Gases
Atomic Physics
Fluctuations are an intrinsic feature of many-body systems, and their full statistical distributions reveal a wealth of information about the underlying physics. Of particular interest are non-Gaussian, extreme-value statistics that arise when nontrivial correlations and criticality dominate over the central limit theorem. Strikingly, in two-dimensional (2D) quantum fluids, such effects have been predicted to manifest in the order parameter distribution in the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) superfluid phase, which approaches a universal extreme-value form in the low-temperature limit. Here, we measure the order parameter statistics of 2D Bose gases across the BKT critical point using matter-wave interferometry. This allows us to confirm the predicted convergence of the observed statistics to a universal Gumbel distribution at low temperatures, to the 0.1% level of the probability density. Furthermore, the intrinsic precision of the atom interferometer allows the robust extraction of higher-moment observables such as skewness and kurtosis; in particular, we report direct measurements of the Binder cumulant which allows us to precisely identify the onset of the phase transition. Extending this approach to the investigation of non-equilibrium systems, we probe vortex unbinding dynamics following a quench across the BKT critical point and identify parameter-independent scaling behaviour of higher moments.
title Universal non-Gaussian order parameter statistics in 2D superfluids
topic Quantum Gases
Atomic Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.16204