UNCOVER/MegaScience Finds Uniform and Highly Bursty Star Formation at 3 < z < 9, consistent with the High-Redshift UV Luminosity Function

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Main Authors: Mitsuhashi, Ikki, Suess, Katherine A., Leja, Joel, Bezanson, Rachel, Greene, Jenny E., Burnham, Emilie, Khullar, Gourav, Mintz, Abby, Nanayakkara, Themiya, Glazebrook, Karl, Price, Sedona H., Setton, David J., Wang, Bingjie, Weaver, John R., Atek, Hakim, Dayal, Pratika, Feldmann, Robert, Fujimoto, Seiji, Furtak, Lukas J., Lorenz, Brian, Barrera, Natalia Porraz, Labbe, Ivo, Brammer, Gabriel, Cutler, Sam E., Pan, Richard, Whitaker, Katherine E., team, the UNCOVER/MegaScience
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Mitsuhashi, Ikki
Suess, Katherine A.
Leja, Joel
Bezanson, Rachel
Greene, Jenny E.
Burnham, Emilie
Khullar, Gourav
Mintz, Abby
Nanayakkara, Themiya
Glazebrook, Karl
Price, Sedona H.
Setton, David J.
Wang, Bingjie
Weaver, John R.
Atek, Hakim
Dayal, Pratika
Feldmann, Robert
Fujimoto, Seiji
Furtak, Lukas J.
Lorenz, Brian
Barrera, Natalia Porraz
Labbe, Ivo
Brammer, Gabriel
Cutler, Sam E.
Pan, Richard
Whitaker, Katherine E.
team, the UNCOVER/MegaScience
author_facet Mitsuhashi, Ikki
Suess, Katherine A.
Leja, Joel
Bezanson, Rachel
Greene, Jenny E.
Burnham, Emilie
Khullar, Gourav
Mintz, Abby
Nanayakkara, Themiya
Glazebrook, Karl
Price, Sedona H.
Setton, David J.
Wang, Bingjie
Weaver, John R.
Atek, Hakim
Dayal, Pratika
Feldmann, Robert
Fujimoto, Seiji
Furtak, Lukas J.
Lorenz, Brian
Barrera, Natalia Porraz
Labbe, Ivo
Brammer, Gabriel
Cutler, Sam E.
Pan, Richard
Whitaker, Katherine E.
team, the UNCOVER/MegaScience
contents Star formation timescales are key to understanding fundamental physics like feedback mechanisms, as well as the abundance of bright galaxies at $z>10$. We investigate galaxy star formation histories (SFHs) and their evolution across $z\sim3$--9 by measuring the line-to-UV ratio (\rline) and line equivalent width (EW) of \hanii\ and \oiiihb\ directly from UNCOVER/MegaScience spectro-photometry without relying on a specific SFH or nebular line modeling. Our photometric measurements recover \rline\ and EW to $<10\%$ systematic accuracy compared to spectroscopy. This allows us to construct a large mass- (and flux-) complete sample and quantitatively examine how \rline\ evolves with redshift and stellar mass. We find that the intrinsic scatter in \rline\ does not significantly evolve with redshift across $3<z<7$, though it may increase at $z\gtrsim8$. We build population-level toy models using \texttt{fsps} to help interpret our observations, and find that scatter in \rline\ primarily reflects the amplitude of SFH fluctuations; this implies that our observed lack of evolution in the scatter of \rline\ is due to similar star formation burstiness from $z\sim3$ to $z\sim7$. Our observations are best reproduced by a set of SFHs with rising, long-duration, and large-amplitude bursts. Finally, we demonstrate that the toy model that best describes our $z\sim6$ data can boost UV brightness by up to $ΔM_{\rm UV}\sim-2.0\,{\rm mag}$ compared with a 200\,Myr constant SFH, and naturally produces a large number of galaxies at $z>10$. This suggests that no significant evolution in star formation burstiness is required to explain the abundance of UV-bright galaxies at high redshift.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_16284
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle UNCOVER/MegaScience Finds Uniform and Highly Bursty Star Formation at 3 < z < 9, consistent with the High-Redshift UV Luminosity Function
Mitsuhashi, Ikki
Suess, Katherine A.
Leja, Joel
Bezanson, Rachel
Greene, Jenny E.
Burnham, Emilie
Khullar, Gourav
Mintz, Abby
Nanayakkara, Themiya
Glazebrook, Karl
Price, Sedona H.
Setton, David J.
Wang, Bingjie
Weaver, John R.
Atek, Hakim
Dayal, Pratika
Feldmann, Robert
Fujimoto, Seiji
Furtak, Lukas J.
Lorenz, Brian
Barrera, Natalia Porraz
Labbe, Ivo
Brammer, Gabriel
Cutler, Sam E.
Pan, Richard
Whitaker, Katherine E.
team, the UNCOVER/MegaScience
Astrophysics of Galaxies
Star formation timescales are key to understanding fundamental physics like feedback mechanisms, as well as the abundance of bright galaxies at $z>10$. We investigate galaxy star formation histories (SFHs) and their evolution across $z\sim3$--9 by measuring the line-to-UV ratio (\rline) and line equivalent width (EW) of \hanii\ and \oiiihb\ directly from UNCOVER/MegaScience spectro-photometry without relying on a specific SFH or nebular line modeling. Our photometric measurements recover \rline\ and EW to $<10\%$ systematic accuracy compared to spectroscopy. This allows us to construct a large mass- (and flux-) complete sample and quantitatively examine how \rline\ evolves with redshift and stellar mass. We find that the intrinsic scatter in \rline\ does not significantly evolve with redshift across $3<z<7$, though it may increase at $z\gtrsim8$. We build population-level toy models using \texttt{fsps} to help interpret our observations, and find that scatter in \rline\ primarily reflects the amplitude of SFH fluctuations; this implies that our observed lack of evolution in the scatter of \rline\ is due to similar star formation burstiness from $z\sim3$ to $z\sim7$. Our observations are best reproduced by a set of SFHs with rising, long-duration, and large-amplitude bursts. Finally, we demonstrate that the toy model that best describes our $z\sim6$ data can boost UV brightness by up to $ΔM_{\rm UV}\sim-2.0\,{\rm mag}$ compared with a 200\,Myr constant SFH, and naturally produces a large number of galaxies at $z>10$. This suggests that no significant evolution in star formation burstiness is required to explain the abundance of UV-bright galaxies at high redshift.
title UNCOVER/MegaScience Finds Uniform and Highly Bursty Star Formation at 3 < z < 9, consistent with the High-Redshift UV Luminosity Function
topic Astrophysics of Galaxies
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.16284