Evidence of Langmuir/$\mathcal{Z}$-mode Wave Decay into $\mathcal{Z}$-mode Electromagnetic Radiation in the Solar Wind

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Main Authors: Polanco-Rodríguez, F. J., Krafft, C., Savoini, P.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Polanco-Rodríguez, F. J.
Krafft, C.
Savoini, P.
author_facet Polanco-Rodríguez, F. J.
Krafft, C.
Savoini, P.
contents The nonlinear decay of Langmuir/$\mathcal{Z}$-mode waves into electromagnetic $\mathcal{Z}$-mode wave radiation at the plasma frequency is observed for the first time in the solar wind. This finding was enabled by the unprecedented high-resolution electric and magnetic field measurements provided by the Radio Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument aboard the Solar Orbiter spacecraft, which encountered an electron beam associated with a Type III radio burst. The decay process is definitively identified through multiple lines of evidence: satisfaction of frequency and wavevector resonance conditions, strong phase coherence and temporal coincidence between the interacting waves, exclusion of competing mechanisms, and full agreement with theoretical predictions. Particle-in-cell simulations, conducted under close beam-plasma conditions, successfully reproduce the key features of the observations. Notably, they suggest that the wave packet observed by Solar Orbiter may be trapped within an extended, nearly flat-bottomed density well, where the decay process is not overcome by wave scattering on random density fluctuations and subsequent mode conversion effects.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_18495
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Evidence of Langmuir/$\mathcal{Z}$-mode Wave Decay into $\mathcal{Z}$-mode Electromagnetic Radiation in the Solar Wind
Polanco-Rodríguez, F. J.
Krafft, C.
Savoini, P.
Plasma Physics
The nonlinear decay of Langmuir/$\mathcal{Z}$-mode waves into electromagnetic $\mathcal{Z}$-mode wave radiation at the plasma frequency is observed for the first time in the solar wind. This finding was enabled by the unprecedented high-resolution electric and magnetic field measurements provided by the Radio Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument aboard the Solar Orbiter spacecraft, which encountered an electron beam associated with a Type III radio burst. The decay process is definitively identified through multiple lines of evidence: satisfaction of frequency and wavevector resonance conditions, strong phase coherence and temporal coincidence between the interacting waves, exclusion of competing mechanisms, and full agreement with theoretical predictions. Particle-in-cell simulations, conducted under close beam-plasma conditions, successfully reproduce the key features of the observations. Notably, they suggest that the wave packet observed by Solar Orbiter may be trapped within an extended, nearly flat-bottomed density well, where the decay process is not overcome by wave scattering on random density fluctuations and subsequent mode conversion effects.
title Evidence of Langmuir/$\mathcal{Z}$-mode Wave Decay into $\mathcal{Z}$-mode Electromagnetic Radiation in the Solar Wind
topic Plasma Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18495