Center Manifolds and Normal Forms for Nonlinearly Periodically Forced DDEs

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Lentjes, Bram, Daniëls, Seppe, Follon, Meinder, Kuznetsov, Yuri A.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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_version_ 1866918468700340224
author Lentjes, Bram
Daniëls, Seppe
Follon, Meinder
Kuznetsov, Yuri A.
author_facet Lentjes, Bram
Daniëls, Seppe
Follon, Meinder
Kuznetsov, Yuri A.
contents The aim of this paper is to provide an effective framework for analysing bifurcations of equilibria in nonlinearly periodically forced delay differential equations. First, we establish the existence of a periodic smooth finite-dimensional center manifold near a nonhyperbolic equilibrium using the rigorous functional analytic framework of dual semigroups (sun-star calculus). Second, we construct a center manifold parametrization that allows us to describe the local dynamics on the center manifold near the equilibrium in terms of periodically forced normal forms. Third, we present a normalization method to derive explicit computational formulas for the critical normal form coefficients at a bifurcation of interest. In particular, we obtain such formulas for the periodically forced fold and nonresonant Hopf bifurcation. Several examples and indications from the literature confirm the validity and effectiveness of our approach.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_18918
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Center Manifolds and Normal Forms for Nonlinearly Periodically Forced DDEs
Lentjes, Bram
Daniëls, Seppe
Follon, Meinder
Kuznetsov, Yuri A.
Dynamical Systems
Functional Analysis
34K17, 34K18, 34K19, 34L10
The aim of this paper is to provide an effective framework for analysing bifurcations of equilibria in nonlinearly periodically forced delay differential equations. First, we establish the existence of a periodic smooth finite-dimensional center manifold near a nonhyperbolic equilibrium using the rigorous functional analytic framework of dual semigroups (sun-star calculus). Second, we construct a center manifold parametrization that allows us to describe the local dynamics on the center manifold near the equilibrium in terms of periodically forced normal forms. Third, we present a normalization method to derive explicit computational formulas for the critical normal form coefficients at a bifurcation of interest. In particular, we obtain such formulas for the periodically forced fold and nonresonant Hopf bifurcation. Several examples and indications from the literature confirm the validity and effectiveness of our approach.
title Center Manifolds and Normal Forms for Nonlinearly Periodically Forced DDEs
topic Dynamical Systems
Functional Analysis
34K17, 34K18, 34K19, 34L10
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18918