Origin of the nucleon gravitational form factor $B_N(t)$: Exposition in light-front holographic QCD

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Main Authors: Cao, Xianghui, Gurjar, Bheemsehan, Mondal, Chandan, Chen, Chen, Li, Yang
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Cao, Xianghui
Gurjar, Bheemsehan
Mondal, Chandan
Chen, Chen
Li, Yang
author_facet Cao, Xianghui
Gurjar, Bheemsehan
Mondal, Chandan
Chen, Chen
Li, Yang
contents Recent lattice QCD simulations and phenomenological models indicate that the nucleon's gravitational form factor $B_N(t)$ remains remarkably small at finite momentum transfer $t$. While $B_N(0) = 0$ is a known consequence of the equivalence principle, the physical origin of its suppression at finite $t$ has not been fully elucidated. In this work, we demonstrate that the smallness of $B_N(t)$ arises from a fundamental cancellation within the nucleon's wave functions. Using light-front holographic QCD, we show that $B_N(t)$ is governed by an antisymmetric factor in the longitudinal dynamics that leads to the exact vanishing of the form factor in the symmetric limit and significant suppression for realistic nucleon structures. Our results suggest that the smallness of $B_N(t)$ is a signature of the nucleon's dominant S-wave character, providing a formal justification for its frequent omission in practical applications like near-threshold $J/ψ$ production.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_19141
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Origin of the nucleon gravitational form factor $B_N(t)$: Exposition in light-front holographic QCD
Cao, Xianghui
Gurjar, Bheemsehan
Mondal, Chandan
Chen, Chen
Li, Yang
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
High Energy Physics - Theory
Nuclear Theory
Recent lattice QCD simulations and phenomenological models indicate that the nucleon's gravitational form factor $B_N(t)$ remains remarkably small at finite momentum transfer $t$. While $B_N(0) = 0$ is a known consequence of the equivalence principle, the physical origin of its suppression at finite $t$ has not been fully elucidated. In this work, we demonstrate that the smallness of $B_N(t)$ arises from a fundamental cancellation within the nucleon's wave functions. Using light-front holographic QCD, we show that $B_N(t)$ is governed by an antisymmetric factor in the longitudinal dynamics that leads to the exact vanishing of the form factor in the symmetric limit and significant suppression for realistic nucleon structures. Our results suggest that the smallness of $B_N(t)$ is a signature of the nucleon's dominant S-wave character, providing a formal justification for its frequent omission in practical applications like near-threshold $J/ψ$ production.
title Origin of the nucleon gravitational form factor $B_N(t)$: Exposition in light-front holographic QCD
topic High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
High Energy Physics - Theory
Nuclear Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.19141