Audit Trails for Accountability in Large Language Models

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Ojewale, Victor, Suresh, Harini, Venkatasubramanian, Suresh
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Ojewale, Victor
Suresh, Harini
Venkatasubramanian, Suresh
author_facet Ojewale, Victor
Suresh, Harini
Venkatasubramanian, Suresh
contents Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in consequential decisions across healthcare, finance, employment, and public services. Yet accountability remains fragile because process transparency is rarely recorded in a durable and reviewable form. We propose LLM audit trails as a sociotechnical mechanism for continuous accountability. An audit trail is a chronological, tamper-evident, context-rich ledger of lifecycle events and decisions that links technical provenance (models, data, training and evaluation runs, deployments, monitoring) with governance records (approvals, waivers, and attestations), so organizations can reconstruct what changed, when, and who authorized it. This paper contributes: (1) a lifecycle framework that specifies event types, required metadata, and governance rationales; (2) a reference architecture with lightweight emitters, append only audit stores, and an auditor interface supporting cross organizational traceability; and (3) a reusable, open-source Python implementation that instantiates this audit layer in LLM workflows with minimal integration effort. We conclude by discussing limitations and directions for adoption.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_20727
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Audit Trails for Accountability in Large Language Models
Ojewale, Victor
Suresh, Harini
Venkatasubramanian, Suresh
Computers and Society
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in consequential decisions across healthcare, finance, employment, and public services. Yet accountability remains fragile because process transparency is rarely recorded in a durable and reviewable form. We propose LLM audit trails as a sociotechnical mechanism for continuous accountability. An audit trail is a chronological, tamper-evident, context-rich ledger of lifecycle events and decisions that links technical provenance (models, data, training and evaluation runs, deployments, monitoring) with governance records (approvals, waivers, and attestations), so organizations can reconstruct what changed, when, and who authorized it. This paper contributes: (1) a lifecycle framework that specifies event types, required metadata, and governance rationales; (2) a reference architecture with lightweight emitters, append only audit stores, and an auditor interface supporting cross organizational traceability; and (3) a reusable, open-source Python implementation that instantiates this audit layer in LLM workflows with minimal integration effort. We conclude by discussing limitations and directions for adoption.
title Audit Trails for Accountability in Large Language Models
topic Computers and Society
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.20727