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Hauptverfasser: Tan, David, Chen, Pinzhen, van Genabith, Josef, Chowdhury, Koel Dutta
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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Online-Zugang:https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.20858
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author Tan, David
Chen, Pinzhen
van Genabith, Josef
Chowdhury, Koel Dutta
author_facet Tan, David
Chen, Pinzhen
van Genabith, Josef
Chowdhury, Koel Dutta
contents Large language models (LLMs) can be benchmark-contaminated, resulting in inflated scores that mask memorization as generalization, and in multilingual settings, this memorization can even transfer to "uncontaminated" languages. Using the FLORES-200 translation benchmark as a diagnostic, we study two 7-8B instruction-tuned multilingual LLMs: Bloomz, which was trained on FLORES, and Llama as an uncontaminated control. We confirm Bloomz's FLORES contamination and demonstrate that machine translation contamination can be cross-directional, artificially boosting performance in unseen translation directions due to target-side memorization. Further analysis shows that recall of memorized references often persists despite various source-side perturbation efforts like paraphrasing and named entity replacement. However, replacing named entities leads to a consistent decrease in BLEU, suggesting an effective probing method for memorization in contaminated models.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_20858
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle When Flores Bloomz Wrong: Cross-Direction Contamination in Machine Translation Evaluation
Tan, David
Chen, Pinzhen
van Genabith, Josef
Chowdhury, Koel Dutta
Computation and Language
Large language models (LLMs) can be benchmark-contaminated, resulting in inflated scores that mask memorization as generalization, and in multilingual settings, this memorization can even transfer to "uncontaminated" languages. Using the FLORES-200 translation benchmark as a diagnostic, we study two 7-8B instruction-tuned multilingual LLMs: Bloomz, which was trained on FLORES, and Llama as an uncontaminated control. We confirm Bloomz's FLORES contamination and demonstrate that machine translation contamination can be cross-directional, artificially boosting performance in unseen translation directions due to target-side memorization. Further analysis shows that recall of memorized references often persists despite various source-side perturbation efforts like paraphrasing and named entity replacement. However, replacing named entities leads to a consistent decrease in BLEU, suggesting an effective probing method for memorization in contaminated models.
title When Flores Bloomz Wrong: Cross-Direction Contamination in Machine Translation Evaluation
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.20858